ग्रीक भाषा

युनानी
Ελληνικά
मू भाषी जनसंख्या	युनान, साइप्रस, अल्बानिया, अस्ट्रेलिया, म्यासेडोनिया गणतन्त्र, टर्की, बुल्गेरिया, रोमानिया, इटाली, स्पेन, आर्मेनिया, लेबानन, ज्योर्जिया, मिश्र, जोर्डन, संयुक्त अधिराज्य, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका, युक्रेन, रुस, दक्षिण अफ्रिका, कजाख्स्तान, फ्रान्स, क्यानाडा आदि
Native speakers	१.५-२.२ कोटी  (date missing)
भाषा परिवार	भारोपेली भाषा परिवार युनानी
लिपि	युनानी लिपि
आधिकारिक अवस्था
आधिकारिक मान्यता	Greece Cyprus Europe recognised as minority language in parts of: Italy Albania Turkey
भाषा कोड
ISO 639-1	el
ISO 639-2	gre (B) ell (T)
ISO 639-3	Either: grc – Ancient Greek ell – Modern Greek

युनानी भाषा (ελληνική γλώσσα छगू इण्डो-युरोपियन भाषा ख। थ्व भाषा करीब १.५-२.२ कोटी मनुतेसं ल्हाइ। आपालं थ्व भाषा युनान व साइप्रसय् छ्येलि तर अल्पमतीय कतहं हलिमया यक्व थासय् युनानी आप्रवासीतेसं छ्येलिगु या।

युनानी भाषा युनानय् युनानी लिपिइ ९गु शताब्दी निसें च्वैगु या, थ्व स्वया न्ह्यः थ्व भाषा लिनियर बी(१५-१३ इ पू)इ च्वैगु या। साइप्रसय् धाःसा थ्व भाषा ४गु शताब्दी ई पू निसें थ्व लिपि छ्येलाहःगु खनेद् दु, थ्व स्वया न्ह्यः साइप्रसय् साइप्रियट सिलेबरीइ थ्व भाषा च्वैगु या। युनानी साहित्यय् करिब ३०००दं निसें साहित्यिक ज्या जुयाच्वंगु खने दु।

लिपि

Greek alphabet
Αα	Alpha	Νν	Nu
Ββ	Beta	Ξξ	Xi
Γγ	Gamma	Οο	Omicron
Δδ	Delta	Ππ	Pi
Εε	Epsilon	Ρρ	Rho
Ζζ	Zeta	Σσς	Sigma
Ηη	Eta	Ττ	Tau
Θθ	Theta	Υυ	Upsilon
Ιι	Iota	Φφ	Phi
Κκ	Kappa	Χχ	Chi
Λλ	Lambda	Ψψ	Psi
Μμ	Mu	Ωω	Omega
Other characters
	Digamma		Koppa
	Stigma		Sampi
	Heta		Sho
	San
Greek diacritic

Greek has been written in the Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit a faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC.

The modern Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with a capital (majuscule) and lowercase (minuscule) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in final position.

Majuscule form

Α

Β

Γ

Δ

Ε

Ζ

Η

Θ

Ι

Κ

Λ

Μ

Ν

Ξ

Ο

Π

Ρ

Σ

Τ

Υ

Φ

Χ

Ψ

Ω

Minuscule form

α

β

γ

δ

ε

ζ

η

θ

ι

κ

λ

μ

ν

ξ

ο

π

ρ

σ

τ

υ

φ

χ

ψ

ω

In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet also features a number of diacritical signs: three different accent marks (acute, grave and circumflex), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on the stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks (spiritus asper and spiritus lenis), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis, used to mark full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting had seen a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of the acute during the late 20th century, and it had only been retained in typography.

In the writing reform of 1982, the use of most of them was abolished from official use in Greece. Since then, Modern Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system), is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek.

भैगोलिक विभाजन

Modern Greek is spoken by about 14 million people, mainly in Greece and Cyprus. There are also traditional Greek-speaking settlements in the neighboring countries Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria and Turkey, as well as in several countries in the Black Sea area (The Ukraine, Russia, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan) and around the Mediterranean Sea (Southern Italy, Israel, Egypt and ancient coastal towns along the Levant). The language is also spoken by emigrant communities in many countries in Western Europe, North America, Australia, as well as in Argentina, Brazil and others.

आधिकारिक अवस्था

Greek is the official language of Greece where it is spoken by about 99.5% of the population. It is also (nominally alongside Turkish), the official language of Cyprus. Because of the membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the 23 official languages of the European Union. Greek is officially recognized as a minority language in parts of Turkey, Italy and Albania.

स्वयादिसँ

• प्राचीन युनान
• प्राचीन युनानी भाषिका
• Center for the Greek language
• English pronunciation of Greek letters
• Greek language question
• Greek substrate language
• Greeklish
• Hellenic Foundation for Culture
• List of Greek words with English derivatives
• That's Greek to me (expression)
• Varieties of Modern Greek

लिधंसा

• Herbert Weir Smyth, Greek Grammar, Harvard University Press, 1956 (revised edition), ISBN 0-674-36250-0. The standard grammar of classical Greek. Focuses primarily on the Attic dialect, with comparatively weak treatment of the other dialects and the Homeric Kunstsprache.
• W. Sidney Allen, Vox Graeca - a guide to the pronunciation of classical Greek. Cambridge University Press, 1968-74. ISBN 0-521-20626-X
• Geoffrey Horrocks, Greek: A History of the Language and Its Speakers (Longman Linguistics Library). Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997. ISBN 0-582-30709-0. From Mycenean to modern.
• Andrew Sihler, "A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin", Oxford University Press, 1996. An historical grammar of ancient Greek from its Indo-European origins. Some eccentricities and no bibliography but a useful handbook to the earliest stages of Greek's development.
• Robert Browning, Medieval and Modern Greek, Cambridge University Press, 2nd edition 1983, ISBN 0-521-29978-0. An excellent and concise historical account of the development of modern Greek from the ancient language.
• Brian Newton, The Generative Interpretation of Dialect: A Study of Modern Greek Phonology, Cambridge University Press, 1972, ISBN 0-521-08497-0.
• Crosby and Schaeffer, An Introduction to Greek, Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1928. A school grammar of ancient Greek
• David Holton et al., Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language, Routledge, 1997, ISBN 0-415-10002-X. A reference grammar of modern Greek.
• Dionysius of Thrace, "Art of Grammar", "Τέχνη γραμματική", c.100 BC

पिनेया स्वापू

General background

विकिपिडिया

ग्रीक भाषा संस्करण, विकिपिडिया, सितिकं छ्येलिगु हलिमसफूयागु

Wikimedia Incubator

Ancient Greek test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• Greek Language, Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia.
• The Perseus Project has many useful pages for the study of classical languages and literatures, including dictionaries.
• The Greek Language and Linguistics Gateway, useful information on the history of the Greek language, application of modern Linguistics to the study of Greek, and tools for learning Greek.
• The Greek Language Portal, a portal for Greek language and linguistic education.

Language learning

• Greek dictionary, tutorial and hangman program with texteditor, this shareware program is aimed at learning New Testament Greek.
• (Greek) komvos.edu.gr, a website for the support of people who are being taught the Greek language.
• Greek spell checker
• Modern Greek Course, a website with sound and many features for learning Modern Greek.

Dictionaries

विकिस्नरी

ग्रीक भाषा संस्करण विकिस्नरी, सितिकं छ्येलिगु खंग्वसफूयागु

• Woodhouse English-Greek dictionary, scanned images from S.C. Woodhouse's 1910 dictionary.
• Greek Lexical Aids, descriptions of both online lexica (with appropriate links) and Greek Lexica in Print.
• The Greek Language Portal, dictionaries of all forms of Greek (Ancient, Hellenistic, Medieval, Modern).
• Online Greek-English and English-Greek dictionary (Modern Greek)
• Online Greek <-> English Dictionary with gender and type of words

Literature

• The Treasure of the Greek Language, a large collection of e-books from all stages of Greek language.
• Research lab of modern Greek philosophy, a large e-library of modern Greek texts/books.
• (Greek) Center for Neo-Hellenic Studies, a non-profit organization set in order to promote Modern Greek Literature and Culture.
• Books in Greek, an extended list of searchable bibliographic information. That is accurate.