Template:Infobox nickel

निकेल, ₀₀Ni
निकेल
Appearance	lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Ni)
	58.6934±0.0004; 58.693±0.001 (abridged);
निकेल in the periodic table
	कोबाल्ट ← निकेल → कपर
Group	group 10
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or [Ar] 3d9 4s1 (see text)
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1728 K (1455 °C, 2651 °F)
Boiling point	3003 K (2730 °C, 4946 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.908 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	7.81 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of	379 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.07 J/(mol·K)
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	साधारण: +2; −2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.91
energies	1st: 737.1 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3395 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 124 pm
Covalent radius	124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
	Color lines in a spectral rangeSpectral lines of निकेल
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	(fcc)
Thermal expansion	13.4 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	90.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	69.3 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	4900 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	700 MPa
CAS Number	7440-02-0
History
Discovery and first isolation	Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751)
Isotopes of निकेल v; e;
	Template:infobox निकेल isotopes does not exist
	Category: निकेल; view; talk; edit; \| references

References

These references will appear in the article, but this list appears only on this page.

↑ Standard Atomic Weights: Nickel. CIAAW (Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw).
↑ Prohaska, Thomas (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (in en). Pure and Applied Chemistry. DOI:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
↑ Ni(–2) is known in Ni(COD)2−2; see (2006) "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): 3167–3186. DOI:10.1021/ic052110i.
1 2 (1997) Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd, Butterworth–Heinemann.
↑ Ni(0) is known in Ni(CO)₄; see (2006) "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): 3167–3186. DOI:10.1021/ic052110i.
↑ (2009) "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (18): 3357–61. DOI:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
↑ (2009) "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2): 290–4. DOI:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.

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[CIAAWnickel-1] Standard Atomic Weights: Nickel. CIAAW (Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw).

[CIAAW2021-2] Prohaska, Thomas (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (in en). Pure and Applied Chemistry. DOI:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.

[3] Ni(–2) is known in Ni(COD)2−2; see (2006) "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): 3167–3186. DOI:10.1021/ic052110i.

[GE28-4] 1 2 (1997) Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd, Butterworth–Heinemann.

[5] Ni(0) is known in Ni(CO)₄; see (2006) "Adventures with Substances Containing Metals in Negative Oxidation States" (in en). Inorganic Chemistry 45 (8): 3167–3186. DOI:10.1021/ic052110i.

[6] (2009) "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (18): 3357–61. DOI:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.

[7] (2009) "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2): 290–4. DOI:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.

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