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थुलियम

विकिपिडिया नं
थुलियम, 00Tm
थुलियम
Pronunciation/ˈθjliəm/ (thew-LEE-əm)
Appearancesilvery gray
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Tm)
थुलियम in the periodic table
Hydrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Helium (noble gas)
Lithium (alkali metal)
Beryllium (alkaline earth metal)
Boron (metalloid)
Carbon (polyatomic nonmetal)
Nitrogen (diatomic nonmetal)
Oxygen (diatomic nonmetal)
Fluorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Neon (noble gas)
Sodium (alkali metal)
Magnesium (alkaline earth metal)
Aluminium (other metals)
Silicon (metalloid)
Phosphorus (polyatomic nonmetal)
Sulfur (polyatomic nonmetal)
Chlorine (diatomic nonmetal)
Argon (noble gas)
Potassium (alkali metal)
Calcium (alkaline earth metal)
Scandium (transition metal)
Titanium (transition metal)
Vanadium (transition metal)
Chromium (transition metal)
Manganese (transition metal)
Iron (transition metal)
Cobalt (transition metal)
Nickel (transition metal)
Copper (transition metal)
Zinc (transition metal)
Gallium (other metals)
Germanium (metalloid)
Arsenic (metalloid)
Selenium (polyatomic nonmetal)
Bromine (diatomic nonmetal)
Krypton (noble gas)
Rubidium (alkali metal)
Strontium (alkaline earth metal)
Yttrium (transition metal)
Zirconium (transition metal)
Niobium (transition metal)
Molybdenum (transition metal)
Technetium (transition metal)
Ruthenium (transition metal)
Rhodium (transition metal)
Palladium (transition metal)
Silver (transition metal)
Cadmium (transition metal)
Indium (other metals)
Tin (other metals)
Antimony (metalloid)
Tellurium (metalloid)
Iodine (diatomic nonmetal)
Xenon (noble gas)
Caesium (alkali metal)
Barium (alkaline earth metal)
Lanthanum (lanthanide)
Cerium (lanthanide)
Praseodymium (lanthanide)
Neodymium (lanthanide)
Promethium (lanthanide)
Samarium (lanthanide)
Europium (lanthanide)
Gadolinium (lanthanide)
Terbium (lanthanide)
Dysprosium (lanthanide)
Holmium (lanthanide)
Erbium (lanthanide)
Thulium (lanthanide)
Ytterbium (lanthanide)
Lutetium (lanthanide)
Hafnium (transition metal)
Tantalum (transition metal)
Tungsten (transition metal)
Rhenium (transition metal)
Osmium (transition metal)
Iridium (transition metal)
Platinum (transition metal)
Gold (transition metal)
Mercury (transition metal)
Thallium (other metals)
Lead (other metals)
Bismuth (other metals)
Polonium (other metals)
Astatine (metalloid)
Radon (noble gas)
Francium (alkali metal)
Radium (alkaline earth metal)
Actinium (actinide)
Thorium (actinide)
Protactinium (actinide)
Uranium (actinide)
Neptunium (actinide)
Plutonium (actinide)
Americium (actinide)
Curium (actinide)
Berkelium (actinide)
Californium (actinide)
Einsteinium (actinide)
Fermium (actinide)
Mendelevium (actinide)
Nobelium (actinide)
Lawrencium (actinide)
Rutherfordium (transition metal)
Dubnium (transition metal)
Seaborgium (transition metal)
Bohrium (transition metal)
Hassium (transition metal)
Meitnerium (unknown chemical properties)
Darmstadtium (unknown chemical properties)
Roentgenium (unknown chemical properties)
Copernicium (transition metal)
Ununtrium (unknown chemical properties)
Flerovium (unknown chemical properties)
Ununpentium (unknown chemical properties)
Livermorium (unknown chemical properties)
Ununseptium (unknown chemical properties)
Ununoctium (unknown chemical properties)


Tm

Md
अर्बियमथुलियमयितरबियम
Groupf-block groups (no number)
Periodperiod 6
Block  f-block
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f13 6s2
Electrons per shell2, 8, 18, 31, 8, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point1818 K ​(1545 °C, ​2813 °F)
Boiling point2003 K ​(1730 °C, ​3146 °F)
Density (near r.t.)9.32 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)8.56 g/cm3
Heat of fusion16.84 kJ/mol
Heat of 191 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity27.03 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 1117 1235 1381 1570 (1821) (2217)
Atomic properties
Oxidation statesसाधारण: +3
0,[] +1,[] +2[]
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 1.25
energies
  • 1st: 596.7 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1160 kJ/mol
  • 3rd: 2285 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 176 pm
Covalent radius190±10 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of थुलियम
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structurehexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for थुलियम
Thermal expansionpoly: 13.3 µm/(m⋅K) (r.t.)
Thermal conductivity16.9 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivitypoly: 676 nΩ⋅m (r.t.)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic (at 300 K)
Young's modulus74.0 GPa
Shear modulus30.5 GPa
Bulk modulus44.5 GPa
Poisson ratio0.213
Vickers hardness520 MPa
Brinell hardness471 MPa
CAS Number7440-30-4
History
Namingafter Thule, a mythical region in Scandinavia
Discovery and first isolationPer Teodor Cleve (1879)
Isotopes of थुलियम
Template:infobox थुलियम isotopes does not exist
Category Category: थुलियम
| references

थुलियम छता रसायनिक तत्त्व ख। थ्व तत्त्वया रसायनिक चिं Tm व एतमिक ल्या ६९ ख। थ्व तत्त्व ल्यान्थानाइद झ्वःया १३गु व एन्तेपेनल्तिमेत तत्त्व (antepenultimate element) ख। मेमेगु ल्यान्थानाइद तत्त्व थें हे थ्व तत्त्वया दकलय् साधारण अक्सिदेसन अवस्था +3 ख, थ्व अवस्था थुकिया अक्साइद, ह्यालाइद व मेमेगु कम्पाउन्दय् खनेदु। थुकिया एक्वस सोलुसनय् ल्यान्थानाइदया मेमेगु कम्पाउन्दत थें हे थ्व तत्त्वया कम्पाउन्दं नं लःया मोलेक्युल नाप स्थीर थुलियम कम्पाउन्द दयेकि।

लिधंसा

[सम्पादन]
  1. Standard Atomic Weights: Thulium. CIAAW (Template:Infobox element/symbol-to-saw).
  2. Prohaska, Thomas (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)" (in en). Pure and Applied Chemistry. DOI:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075. 
  3. Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce and Pm have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). "Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides". Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. DOI:10.1039/CS9932200017.  and (2003-12-15) "Arene complexation of Sm, Eu, Tm and Yb atoms: a variable temperature spectroscopic investigation". Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 688 (1–2): 49–55. DOI:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.08.028. 
  4. La(I), Pr(I), Tb(I), Tm(I), and Yb(I) have been observed in MB8 clusters; see (2021) "Monovalent lanthanide(I) in borozene complexes". Nature Communications 12 (1). DOI:10.1038/s41467-021-26785-9. PMID 34753931. 
  5. (1997) Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd, Butterworth–Heinemann.