गन्धक

Sulfur, ₀₀S

Sulfur
Allotropes	see Allotropes of sulfur
Appearance	lemon yellow sintered microcrystals
Standard atomic weight Ar°(S)
	[32.059, 32.076] 32.06±0.02 (abridged)
Sulfur in the periodic table
O ↑ S ↓ Se phosphorus ← sulfur → chlorine
Group	group 16 (chalcogens)
Period	period 3
Block	p-block
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p4
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 6
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	388.36 K ​(115.21 °C, ​239.38 °F)
Boiling point	717.8 K ​(444.6 °C, ​832.3 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	(alpha) 2.07 g/cm3 (beta) 1.96 g/cm3 (gamma) 1.92 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	1.819 g/cm3
Critical point	1314 K, 20.7 MPa
Heat of fusion	(mono) 1.727 kJ/mol
Heat of	(mono) 45 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	22.75 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 375 408 449 508 591 717
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	साधारण: −2, +2, +4, +6 −1, 0, +1, +3, +5
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.58
energies	(more)
Covalent radius	105±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	180 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of sulfur
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​orthorhombic
Thermal conductivity	(amorphous) 0.205 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	(amorphous) 2×1015  Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Bulk modulus	7.7 GPa
Mohs hardness	2.0
CAS Number	7704-34-9
History
Discovery	Chinese (Before 2000BC)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1777)
Isotopes of sulfur

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