अजिङ्गर: Difference between revisions
Eukesh (खँल्हाबल्हा | योगदान) |
Eukesh (खँल्हाबल्हा | योगदान) No edit summary |
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{{Taxobox |
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{{भाषा व खँग्व | |
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| color = pink |
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native_name = अजगरः | |
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| name = पाइथनिदे (अजिङ्गर) |
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original_language = [[संस्कृत]] | |
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| image = Python molure 13.JPG |
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footnotes = | |
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| image_caption = भारतीय अजिङ्गर, ''[पाइथन मोलुरस]]'' |
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| regnum = [[एनिम्यालिया]] |
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| phylum = [[कोर्दाता]] |
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| subphylum = [[भर्तेब्राता]] |
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| classis = [[रेप्तिलिया]] |
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| ordo = [[स्क्वामाता]] |
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| subordo = [[सर्पेन्तेस]] |
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| infraordo = [[अलेथिनोफिदिया]] |
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| familia = '''पाइथनिदे''' |
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| familia_authority = [[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], [[१८२६]] |
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| synonyms = * Pythonoidea - Fitzinger, 1826 |
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* Pythonoidei - Eichwald, 1831 |
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* Holodonta - Müller, 1832 |
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* Pythonina - Bonaparte, 1840 |
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* Pythophes - Fitzinger, 1843 |
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* Pythoniens - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 |
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* Holodontes - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 |
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* Pythonides - A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1844 |
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* Pythones - Cope, 1861 |
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* Pythonidae - Cope, 1864 |
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* Peropodes - Meyer, 1874 |
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* Chondropythonina - Boulenger, 1879 |
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* Pythoninae - Boulenger, 1890 |
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* Pythonini - Underwood & Stimson, 1990 |
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* Moreliini - Underwood & Stimson, 1990<ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref> |
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}} |
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'''अजगरः''' छगु [[संस्कृत]] भाषायागु [[खँग्वः]] खः। थ्व खँग्वःयागु छ्येलेज्या येक्व [[सफ]]ू व [[स्तोत्र]]य् जुगु दु। |
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The '''Pythonidae''' are a [[Family (biology)|family]] of non-[[venomous]] [[snake]]s found in [[Africa]], [[Asia]] and [[Australia]]. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Currently, 8 [[Genus|genera]] and 26 [[species]] are recognized.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|ID=563893|taxon=Pythonidae|year=2007|date=15 September}}</ref> |
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==खँग्वःयागु उत्पत्ति व छ्येलेज्या== |
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===उत्पत्ति व विकास=== |
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थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या दक्ले न्ह्य संस्कृतय् जुगु ख। लिपा थ्व खँग्वयागु [[तत्सम खँग्व]]या रुपे यक्व भासे, यक्व कथलं छ्येलेज्या जुल। |
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===छ्येलेज्या=== |
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==Description== |
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थ्व खँग्वयागु छ्येलेज्या संस्कृतय् व संस्कृत नाप स्वापू दुगु व संस्कृत नं बुया वगु भाषे जुगु खने दु। |
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[[Image:Greentreepython.jpg|left|240px|thumb|Green tree python, ''[[Morelia viridis]]'']] Adults range in size from 0.5 to 10 [[meter]]s (1.5 to 33 [[foot (unit of length)|feet]]) in length. One species, ''[[Python reticulatus]]'', the reticulated python, holds the record for world's longest snake: 10 m (32 ft 9.5 in). |
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==मेमेगु भाषे छ्येलिगु रुप== |
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मेमेगु भाषे थ्व खँग्वयात छ्येलिगु रुप थ्व कथलं दु |
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*[[नेपाल भाषा]] : |
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*[[हिन्दी]] : |
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*[[खेँ भाषा]] : |
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*[[बांग्ला भाषा]] : |
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*[[मराठी भाषा]] : |
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*[[भोजपुरी भाषा]] : |
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*[[उडिया भाषा]] : |
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*[[गुजराती भाषा]] : |
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*[[मणिपुरी भाषा]] : |
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*[[रोमानी भाषा]] : |
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*[[पञ्जाबी भाषा]] : |
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*[[आसामी भाषा]] : |
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*[[मैथिली भाषा]] : |
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*[[द्रविड भाषात]] : |
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*मेमेगु भाषा: |
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The Pythonidae are distinguished from the family [[Boidae]] (boas) by the fact that they have [[teeth]] on the [[premaxilla]]: a small [[bone]] at the very front and center of the upper [[jaw]]. Most species have rows of heat-sensing organs between the [[sublabial scales]]: labial pits. Although not as well developed as the loreal pits of the subfamily [[Crotalinae]] (pitvipers), these organs enable the snakes to detect objects that are hotter than the surrounding environment, and enable hunting to take place in total darkness, such as inside caves. |
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==स्वया दिसँ== |
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*[[संस्कृत]] |
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Some species exhibit vestigial bones of the pelvis and rear legs, which are externally apparent in the form of a pair of [[anal spurs]] on each side of the [[cloaca]]. These spurs are larger in males than females, and are used by the male to grip and/or stimulate the female during copulation. Male of certain species occasionally cause spur related injuries to each other during territorial combat, and though more likely to be incidental than intentional, some captured specimens have shown multiple episodes of scarring from such injuries. |
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==पिनेयागु स्वापू== |
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[http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall.txt संस्कृत खँग्वसफू]{{भाषा जग-च्वसु}} |
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Color patterns vary from striking to nondescript brown or olive. It usually reflects appropriate [[camouflage]] for the native habitat. Even within a given species, there may be enormous differences in coloration and pattern in different parts of the geographic range. |
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[[Category: संस्कृत]] |
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==Geographic range== |
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Found in subsaharan [[Africa]], peninsular [[India]], [[Myanmar]], southern [[China]], [[Southeast Asia]] and the [[Philippines]] southeast through [[Indonesia]] to [[New Guinea]] and [[Australia]].<ref name="McD99"/> |
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In the [[United States]], a population of Burmese pythons, ''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]'', has existed as an invasive species in the [[Everglades National Park]] since the late 1990s, which has damaged the local ecosystem. More than 300 have been removed. They are not native to the south Floridian marshlands, but have been deposited there by pet owners who no longer wished to care for them and also did not want to euthanize them. Scientists believe that the snakes are a grave threat to nearly every species of animal in the Everglades, including [[alligators]]. There have been several accounts of python vs. alligator encounters there, including one in the fall of 2005 between a 13 foot (4 m) python and a six foot (1.8 m) gator that proved fatal for both. The two were found with the alligator's body protruding from a tear in the snake's body.<ref name="NGeo">[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/06/0603_040603_invasivespecies.html Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades] at [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ National Geographic News]. Accessed [[16 September]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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==Conservation== |
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Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has decimated some, such as the Indian python, ''[[Python molurus]]''. |
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==Behavior== |
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[[Image:Blackheaded python2.jpg|right|240px|thumb|Black-headed python,<br/>''[[Aspidites melanocephalus]]'']] Ambush predators, they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Large adult specimens can kill people. Unsuspecting children can and have become prey and swallowed whole after being suffocated. Reports of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia, but are now quite rare. |
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==Feeding== |
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Prey is killed by a process known as ''[[constriction]]''; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to [[asphyxia|asphyxiation]]. It has recently been suggested that the pressures produced during constriction cause cardiac arrest by interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed. As opposed to popular belief, prey is not crushed; even when constricting normal sized prey, sufficient pressure to break bones is almost certainly never applied. |
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Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are not unknown: some large Asian species have been known to take down adult [[Deer]], and the African rock python, ''[[Python sebae]]'', has been known to eat [[Gazelle]]). Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from several days or even weeks to fully digest. Despite their intimidating size and muscular power, they are generally not dangerous to humans. |
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==Reproduction== |
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Females lay eggs ([[oviparous]]). This sets them apart from the family, [[Boidae]] (boas), most of which bear live young ([[ovoviviparous]]). |
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==Captivity== |
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Most species in this family are available in the exotic pet trade. However, caution must be exercised with the larger species as they can be dangerous; cases of large specimens killing their owners have been documented.<ref name="Anapsid">[http://www.anapsid.org/coloburm.html The Keeping of Large Pythons] at [http://www.anapsid.org/ Anapsid]. Accessed [[16 September]] [[2007]].</ref> |
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==Genera== |
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{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;" |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/> |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Authority<ref name="ITIS"/> |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Species<ref name="ITIS"/> |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Subsp.*<ref name="ITIS"/> |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Common name |
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!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|Geographic range<ref name="McD99"/> |
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|- |
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|''[[Antaresia]]'' |
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|Wells & Wellington, [[1984]] |
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|align="center"|4 |
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|align="center"|0 |
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| |
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|style="width:40%"|[[Australia]] in arid and tropical regions. |
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|- |
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|''[[Apodora]]'' |
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|Kluge, [[1993]] |
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|align="center"|1 |
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|align="center"|0 |
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|Papuan python |
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|Most of [[New Guinea]], from [[Misool]] to [[Fergusson Island]]. |
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|- |
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|''[[Aspidites]]'' |
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|[[Wilhelm Peters|Peters]], [[1877]] |
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|align="center"|2 |
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|align="center"|0 |
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| |
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|Australia except in the south of the country. |
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|- |
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|''[[Bothrochilus]]'' |
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|[[Leopold Fitzinger|Fitzinger]], [[1843]] |
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|align="center"|1 |
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|align="center"|0 |
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|Bismark ringed python |
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|The islands of the [[Bismark Archipelago]], including [[Umboi Island|Umboi]], [[New Britain]], Gasmata (off the southern coast), [[Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea|Duke of York]] and nearby Mioko, [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]] and nearby Tatau (off the east coast), the [[New Hanover Island]]s and [[Nissan Island]]. |
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|- |
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|''[[Leiopython]]'' |
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|[[Ambrosius Arnold Willem Hubrecht|Hubrecht]], [[1879]] |
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|align="center"|1 |
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|align="center"|0 |
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|D'Albert's water python |
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|Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m), including the islands of [[Salawati]] and [[Biak]], [[Normanby Island, Papua New Guinea|Normanby]], [[Mussau Island|Mussau]], as well as a few islands in the [[Torres Strait]]. |
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|- |
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|''[[Liasis]]'' |
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|[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1842]] |
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|align="center"|3 |
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|align="center"|2 |
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| |
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|[[Indonesia]] in the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]], east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia. |
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|- |
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|''[[Morelia (genus)|Morelia]]'' |
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|Gray, 1842 |
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|align="center"|7 |
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|align="center"|5 |
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| |
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|From Indonesia in the [[Maluku Islands]], east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in Australia. |
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|- |
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|''[[Python (genus)|Python]]''<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font> |
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|[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], [[1803]] |
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|align="center"|7 |
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|align="center"|4 |
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|Pythons |
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|[[Africa]] in the tropics south of the [[Sahara]] (not including southern and extreme southwestern [[Madagascar]]), [[Pakistan]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Nicobar Islands]], [[Myanmar]], [[Indochina]], southern [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Hainan]], the malayan region of [[Indonesia]] and the [[Philippines]]. |
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|- |
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|} |
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''*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical forms).''<br> |
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<font size="-1"><sup>T</sup></font>) [[Type genus]].<ref name="McD99"/> |
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==Taxonomy== |
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Pythons are more related to boas than to any other snake-family. Some sources consider this group a subfamily of the [[Boa]]s (Pythoninae). |
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==किपा== |
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<gallery> |
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Image:Morelia spilota.jpg|Carpet python,<br/>''[[Morelia spilota]]'' |
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Image:Morelia viridis.jpg|Green tree python,<br/>''[[Morelia viridis]]'' |
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Image:Burmese Python 02.jpg|Albino Burmese python,<br/>''[[Python molurus bivittatus]]'' |
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Image:Python breitensteini .jpg|Borneo short-tailed python,<br/>''[[Python curtus breitensteini]]'' |
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Image:Leiopython albertisii.jpgWhite-lipped python,<br/>''Leiopython albertisii'' |
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</gallery> |
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==स्वयादिसँ== |
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* [[प्राणी]] |
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* [[जीवविज्ञान]] |
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==लिधँसा== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==पिनेया स्वापूत== |
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{{wikispecies}} |
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* {{NRDB family|family=Boidae|date=24 September|year=2007}} |
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* [http://www.answers.com/topic/pythons-pythonidae-biological-family Pythons (Pythonidae)] at [http://www.answers.com/ Answers.com]. Accessed [[16 September]] [[2007]]. |
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{{Snake families}} |
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[[Category:पाइथनिदे| ]] |
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[[पुचः:प्राणी]] |
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[[bg:Питон]] |
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[[cy:Peithon]] |
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[[de:Pythons]] |
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[[es:Pythonidae]] |
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[[fr:Python (serpent)]] |
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[[hr:Pitoni]] |
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[[he:פיתוניים]] |
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[[hu:Pitonfélék]] |
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[[nl:Pythons]] |
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[[ja:ニシキヘビ科]] |
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[[no:Pytonslanger]] |
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[[pl:Pytony]] |
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[[pt:Pythonidae]] |
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[[ru:Питоны]] |
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[[simple:Python]] |
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[[fi:Pytonkäärmeet]] |
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[[th:งูเหลือม]] |
१५:१७, २ नोभेम्बर २००७तक्कया संस्करण
?पाइथनिदे (अजिङ्गर) | ||||||||||||||||
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भारतीय अजिङ्गर, [पाइथन मोलुरस]]
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वैज्ञानिक वर्गिकरण | ||||||||||||||||
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The Pythonidae are a family of non-venomous snakes found in Africa, Asia and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Currently, 8 genera and 26 species are recognized.[२]
Description
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Greentreepython.jpg/240px-Greentreepython.jpg)
Adults range in size from 0.5 to 10 meters (1.5 to 33 feet) in length. One species, Python reticulatus, the reticulated python, holds the record for world's longest snake: 10 m (32 ft 9.5 in).
The Pythonidae are distinguished from the family Boidae (boas) by the fact that they have teeth on the premaxilla: a small bone at the very front and center of the upper jaw. Most species have rows of heat-sensing organs between the sublabial scales: labial pits. Although not as well developed as the loreal pits of the subfamily Crotalinae (pitvipers), these organs enable the snakes to detect objects that are hotter than the surrounding environment, and enable hunting to take place in total darkness, such as inside caves.
Some species exhibit vestigial bones of the pelvis and rear legs, which are externally apparent in the form of a pair of anal spurs on each side of the cloaca. These spurs are larger in males than females, and are used by the male to grip and/or stimulate the female during copulation. Male of certain species occasionally cause spur related injuries to each other during territorial combat, and though more likely to be incidental than intentional, some captured specimens have shown multiple episodes of scarring from such injuries.
Color patterns vary from striking to nondescript brown or olive. It usually reflects appropriate camouflage for the native habitat. Even within a given species, there may be enormous differences in coloration and pattern in different parts of the geographic range.
Geographic range
Found in subsaharan Africa, peninsular India, Myanmar, southern China, Southeast Asia and the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.[१]
In the United States, a population of Burmese pythons, Python molurus bivittatus, has existed as an invasive species in the Everglades National Park since the late 1990s, which has damaged the local ecosystem. More than 300 have been removed. They are not native to the south Floridian marshlands, but have been deposited there by pet owners who no longer wished to care for them and also did not want to euthanize them. Scientists believe that the snakes are a grave threat to nearly every species of animal in the Everglades, including alligators. There have been several accounts of python vs. alligator encounters there, including one in the fall of 2005 between a 13 foot (4 m) python and a six foot (1.8 m) gator that proved fatal for both. The two were found with the alligator's body protruding from a tear in the snake's body.[३]
Conservation
Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has decimated some, such as the Indian python, Python molurus.
Behavior
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Blackheaded_python2.jpg/240px-Blackheaded_python2.jpg)
Aspidites melanocephalus
Ambush predators, they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They will generally not attack humans unless startled or provoked, although females protecting their eggs can be aggressive. Large adult specimens can kill people. Unsuspecting children can and have become prey and swallowed whole after being suffocated. Reports of attacks on human beings were once more common in South and Southeast Asia, but are now quite rare.
Feeding
Prey is killed by a process known as constriction; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, a number of coils are hastily wrapped around it. Then, by applying and maintaining sufficient pressure to prevent it from inhaling, the prey eventually succumbs due to asphyxiation. It has recently been suggested that the pressures produced during constriction cause cardiac arrest by interfering with blood flow, but this hypothesis has not yet been confirmed. As opposed to popular belief, prey is not crushed; even when constricting normal sized prey, sufficient pressure to break bones is almost certainly never applied.
Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are not unknown: some large Asian species have been known to take down adult Deer, and the African rock python, Python sebae, has been known to eat Gazelle). Prey is swallowed whole, and may take anywhere from several days or even weeks to fully digest. Despite their intimidating size and muscular power, they are generally not dangerous to humans.
Reproduction
Females lay eggs (oviparous). This sets them apart from the family, Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young (ovoviviparous).
Captivity
Most species in this family are available in the exotic pet trade. However, caution must be exercised with the larger species as they can be dangerous; cases of large specimens killing their owners have been documented.[४]
Genera
Species[२] | Authority[२] | Species[२] | Subsp.*[२] | Common name | Geographic range[१] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antaresia | Wells & Wellington, 1984 | 4 | 0 | Australia in arid and tropical regions. | |
Apodora | Kluge, 1993 | 1 | 0 | Papuan python | Most of New Guinea, from Misool to Fergusson Island. |
Aspidites | Peters, 1877 | 2 | 0 | Australia except in the south of the country. | |
Bothrochilus | Fitzinger, 1843 | 1 | 0 | Bismark ringed python | The islands of the Bismark Archipelago, including Umboi, New Britain, Gasmata (off the southern coast), Duke of York and nearby Mioko, New Ireland and nearby Tatau (off the east coast), the New Hanover Islands and Nissan Island. |
Leiopython | Hubrecht, 1879 | 1 | 0 | D'Albert's water python | Most of New Guinea (below 1200 m), including the islands of Salawati and Biak, Normanby, Mussau, as well as a few islands in the Torres Strait. |
Liasis | Gray, 1842 | 3 | 2 | Indonesia in the Lesser Sunda Islands, east through New Guinea and in northern and western Australia. | |
Morelia | Gray, 1842 | 7 | 5 | From Indonesia in the Maluku Islands, east through New Guinea, including the Bismark Archipelago and in Australia. | |
PythonT | Daudin, 1803 | 7 | 4 | Pythons | Africa in the tropics south of the Sahara (not including southern and extreme southwestern Madagascar), Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Indochina, southern China, Hong Kong, Hainan, the malayan region of Indonesia and the Philippines. |
*) Not including the nominate subspecies (typical forms).
T) Type genus.[१]
Taxonomy
Pythons are more related to boas than to any other snake-family. Some sources consider this group a subfamily of the Boas (Pythoninae).
किपा
-
Carpet python,
Morelia spilota -
Green tree python,
Morelia viridis -
Albino Burmese python,
Python molurus bivittatus -
Borneo short-tailed python,
Python curtus breitensteini
स्वयादिसँ
लिधँसा
- ↑ १.० १.१ १.२ १.३ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
- ↑ २.० २.१ २.२ २.३ २.४ Pythonidae. Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ↑ Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades at http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/ National Geographic News. Accessed 16 September 2007.
- ↑ The Keeping of Large Pythons at Anapsid. Accessed 16 September 2007.
पिनेया स्वापूत
![]() |
Wikispecies has information related to: अजिङ्गर |
- Template:NRDB family
- Pythons (Pythonidae) at Answers.com. Accessed 16 September 2007.