सल्जक साम्राज्य
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![]() upon the death of Malik Shah I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
राजधानी | Nishapur (1037–1043) Rey (1043–1051) Isfahan (1051–1118) Hamadan, Western capital (1118–1194) Merv, Eastern capital (1118–1153) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
भाषा(तः) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Government | Monarchy[[Category:Former monarchies}}|सल्जक साम्राज्य, 1037]] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sultan | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
- 1037–1063 | Toghrul I (first) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
- 1174–1194 | Toghrul III (last)[५][६] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
History | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Tughril formed the state system | 1037 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
- Replaced by the Khwarezmian Empire[७] | 1194 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
क्षेत्रफल | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
- 1080 est. | ३,९००,००० km2 १,५०५,७९८ sq mi | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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थौंयागु इले | Countries today
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सल्जक साम्राज्य छगू तुर्क-पारसी साम्राज्य ख।
लिधंसा[सम्पादन]
- ↑ १.० १.१ Savory, R. M. and Roger Savory, Introduction to Islamic civilisation, (Cambridge University Press, 1976 ), 82.
- ↑ Black, Edwin, Banking on Baghdad: inside Iraq's 7,000-year history of war, profit and conflict, (John Wiley and sons, 2004), 38.
- ↑ ३.० ३.१ ३.२ C.E. Bosworth, "Turkish Expansion towards the west" in UNESCO HISTORY OF HUMANITY, Volume IV, titled "From the Seventh to the Sixteenth Century", UNESCO Publishing / Routledge, p. 391: "While the Arabic language retained its primacy in such spheres as law, theology and science, the culture of the Seljuk court and secular literature within the sultanate became largely Persianized; this is seen in the early adoption of Persian epic names by the Seljuk rulers (Qubād, Kay Khusraw and so on) and in the use of Persian as a literary language (Turkish must have been essentially a vehicle for everyday speech at this time)
- ↑ Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world, Ed. Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie, (Elsevier Ltd., 2009), 1110;Oghuz Turkic is first represented by Old Anatolian Turkish which was a subordinate written medium until the end of the Seljuk rule.".
- ↑ A New General Biographical Dictionary, Vol.2, Ed. Hugh James Rose, (London, 1853), 214.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988), 167.
- ↑ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (New Brunswick:Rutgers University Press, 1988),159,161; "In 1194, Togrul III would succumb to the onslaught of the Khwarizmian Turks, who were destined at last to succeed the Seljuks to the empire of the Middle East."