हेइटी

République d'Haïti
Repiblik d Ayiti
हेइटी गणतन्त्र

ध्वांय राष्ट्रीय चिं
म्ये: ला देसालिनिएन्ने
हेइटीयागु नक्सा
राजधानी	पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स 18°32′N 72°20′W
तधंगु सहर	राजधानी
औपचारिक भाय	फ्रांसे, हेइटियन क्रेओल
सरकार	गणतन्त्र
- हेइटीया राष्ट्रपतितेगु धलः	रेने प्रेभाल
- हेइटीया प्रधानमन्त्रीतेगु धलः	ज्याक-एदोउआर्द एलेक्सिस
पलिस्था
- as Saint-Domingue	1697
- फ्रान्सं स्वतन्त्र	ज्यानुवरी १, ई सं १८०४
क्षेत्रफल
- फुकं	{{{area}}} किमि² (१४६औं)
	({{{areami²}}} वर्ग माइल)
- लयागु प्रतिशत (%)	0.7
जनसंख्या
- July 2005 एस्टिमेटेड	8,528,0001 (88th)
- 1982 सेन्सस्	5,053,792
- जनघनत्व	{{{population_density}}}/किमि² (38th) ({{{population_densitymi²}}}/वर्ग माइल)
कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादन (पि पि पि)	2006 एस्टिमेट
- फुकं	$14.76 (2006 est.) billion (124th)
- प्रति छ्यं	$1800 ((2006 est.)purchasing power parity): GDP (official exchange rate): $5.953 billion (2006 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2.3% (2006 est.) (153th)
मुद्रा	Gourde (HTG)
ई क्षेत्र	(UTC-5)
- वर्खा (DST)	(UTC-4)
इन्टरनेट TLD	.ht
कलिंग कोड	+509

हेइटी (IPA: [ˈhaiːti]), आधिकारिक कथं गणतन्त्र हेइटी (République d'Haïti, Repiblik d Ayiti), छगु फ्रान्कोफोनी व क्रेओल खँल्हाइगु ल्याटिन अमेरिकाया छगु देय् ख। थ्व देय् ग्रेटर एन्टिल्स आर्किपेलागोय् क्यारिबियन टापू हिस्पानियोलाय् ला। थ्व टापूइ डोमिनिकन गणतन्त्र नं ला। हेइटीइ मेमेगु चीधंगु टापूत नं दु दसु- ला गोनाभे, ला Tortue, ले काय्‌मितेज्, इल् दे एनाकाओना, व ला ग्रान्द काये। मनु मच्वनिगु टापू नाभासा टापू हेइटी व संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका नं थःगु धका क्लेम यागुदु। 'अयिति' (ऐति) धागु आदिवासी ताइनो वा अमेरिनिडियनतेगु थ्व टापूया नां ख। थुकिया दक्ले तज्जागु थाय् पिक ला सेल्ले २,६८० मिटर ख। थ्व देय्‌या क्षेत्रफल २७,७५० वर्ग किलोमिटर (१०,७१४ वर्ग माइल) दु। थ्व देय्‌या राजधानी पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स ख।

छगू भूतपूर्व फ्रेन्च उपनिवेशं दयावःगु देय्‌ हेइटीं छुं ऐतिहासिक झाकात देकल: हेइटी हलिमया दक्ले न्हापांगु स्वतन्त्र हाकुगु गणतन्त्र व हलिमया छगू जक्क दास विद्रोहं बुयावःगु देय्‌या कथं पलिस्था जुल। हेइटी अमेरिकाया २गु गैह्र-आदिवासी (संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका धुंका) देय्‌या रुपय् पलिस्था जुल। थ्व देय्‌ ल्याटिन अमेरिकाया दक्ले पुलांगु स्वतन्त्र राष्ट्रया कथं ज्यानुवरी १, १८०४स पलिस्था जुल।

इतिहास

The island of Hispaniola, of which Haiti occupies the western third, was originally inhabited by the Taíno Arawak people. Christopher Columbus landed at Môle Saint-Nicolas on December 5, 1492, and claimed the island for Spain. Nineteen days later, the Santa Maria ran aground near the present site of Cap-Haitien; Columbus was forced to leave 39 men, founding the settlement of La Navidad . Ayiti, which means "mountainous land", is a name that was used by its early inhabitants, the Taíno-Arawak people, who also called some sections of it Bohio, meaning "rich villages". Quisqueya is yet a third term that has been attributed to the Taínos for the island.

The Taínos were a seafaring branch of the South American Arawaks. Taíno means "the good" or "noble" in their language. A system of cacicazgos (chiefdoms) existed, called Marien, Maguana, Higuey, Magua and Xaragua, which could be subdivided. The cacicazgos were based on a system of tribute, consisting of the food grown by the Taíno. Among the cultural signs that they left were cave paintings around the country, which have become touristic and nationalistic symbols of Haiti. Xaragua is modern day Leogane, a city in the southwest.

One of the earliest leaders to fight off Spanish conquest was Queen Anacaona, a Taíno princess from Xaragua who married Chief Caonabo, a Taíno king (cacique) from Maguana. The two fought hard against the Europeans; she was captured by the Spanish and executed in front of her people. Other noted Taíno leaders from Haiti are Chief Guacanagari, Chief Guama and Chief Hatuey (who later fled to Cuba and helped fight the Spaniards there). Cacique Henri, another Taíno chief, fought victoriously against the Spaniards in the Bahoruco to gain freedom for himself and his people. The town associated with this history is Anse a Pitres, near the south-eastern town of Jacmel. The Taínos as the Europeans saw them on the island of Hispaniola are virtually extinct. The survivors that escaped death mixed with African slaves (runaways called maroons), producing a small generation of zambos. The mestizo increased in number as native women conceived to European men. The Taíno bloodline in Hispaniola diluted more and more as the decades went by primarily due to the establishment of Africans and mulattos on the island; however, it is believed that a small number of Haitians and Dominicans retain some native ancestry.

साम्राज्यया शासण

Enslavement, harsh treatment of the natives, and especially epidemic diseases such as smallpox caused the Taíno population to plummet over the next quarter-century. In response, the Spanish began to import African slaves to search for gold on the island. Spanish interest in Hispaniola waned after the 1520s, when vast reserves of gold and silver were discovered in Mexico and South America.

Fearful of pirate attacks, the king of Spain in 1609 ordered all colonists on Hispaniola to move closer to the capital city, Santo Domingo. However, this resulted in British, Dutch and French pirates establishing bases on the island's abandoned northern and western coasts. French settlement of the island began in 1625, and in 1664 France formally claimed control of the western portion of the island. By the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, Spain ceded the western third of Hispaniola to France. France named its new colony Saint-Domingue.

While the Spanish side of the island was largely neglected, the French side prospered and became the richest colony in the Western Hemisphere, exporting large amounts of sugar and coffee. French colonial society contained three population groups: Europeans (about 32,000 in 1790) who held political and economic control; the gens de couleur, some 28,000 free blacks (about half of which had mulatto background) who faced second-class status; and the slaves, who numbered about 500,000. (Living outside French society were the maroons (escaped ex-slaves who formed their own settlements in the highlands.) At all times, a majority of slaves in the colony were African-born, as the very brutal conditions of slavery prevented the population from experiencing growth through natural increase. According to a study, 49.2 % of the slave population of Haiti was originally from the Congos during this period. African cultures thus remained strong among slaves until the end of French rule.

क्रान्ति

किपा:Dessalines.jpg

Jean Jacques Dessalines became Haiti's first emperor in 1804.

Unofficially leading the nation politically during the revolution, Toussaint L'Ouverture is considered the father of Haiti.

Inspired by the French Revolution, the gens de couleur pressed the colonial government for expanded rights. In October 1790, 350 revolted against the government. On May 15, 1791, the French National Assembly granted political rights to all blacks and mulattoes who had been born free - but did not change the status quo regarding slavery. On August 22, 1791, slaves in the north rose against their masters near Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien). This revolution spread rapidly and came under the leadership of Toussaint L'Ouverture. He is commonly referred to as the "Black Napoleon." He soon formed alliances with the gens de couleur and the maroons, whose rights had been revoked by the French government in retaliation for the uprising.

Toussaint's armies defeated the French colonial army, but then joined forces with it in 1794, following a decree by the revolutionary French government that abolished slavery. Under Toussaint's command, the Saint-Domingue army then defeated invading Spanish and British forces. This cooperation between Toussaint and French forces ended in 1802, however, when Napoleon sent a new invasion force designed to subdue the colony; many islanders suspected the army would also reimpose slavery. Napoleon's forces initially were successful at fighting their way onto the island, and persuaded Toussaint to a truce. He was then betrayed, captured and died in a French prison. Toussaint's arrest and the news that the French had reestablished slavery in Guadeloupe, led to the resumption of the rebellion, under the leadership of Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe, two of Toussaint's generals. Napoleon's forces were outsmarted by the combination of Jean-Jacques Dessalines, Henri Christophe, and Alexandre Petion, the "Generals of the Revolution."

स्वतन्त्रता

Dessalines's armies won their final and decisive victory over the French forces at the Battle of Vertières on November 18, 1803, near Cap-Haitien. On January 1, 1804 the nation declared its independence, securing its position as the second independent country in the Americas, and the only successful slave rebellion in world history. Dessalines was its first ruler. The name Haiti was chosen in recognition of the old Arawak name for the island, Ayiti.

The new State of Haiti supported the abolitionist cause wherever possible. Haiti aided Francisco de Miranda and Simón Bolívar, giving them refuge and supporting their revolutionary efforts under the condition he free Latin America's slaves. The slaveholding powers surrounding Haiti isolated the new nation under a cordon sanitaire, fearing slave revolutions of their own. The Haitian Revolution is thought to have inspired numerous slave revolts in the Caribbean, Brazil and United States. The blockade was virtually total. The Vatican withdrew its priests from Haiti, and did not return them until 1860. France refused to recognize Haiti's independence until it agreed to pay an indemnity of 150 million francs, to compensate for the losses of French planters in the revolutions, in 1833. Payment of this indemnity brought the government deeply in debt and crippled the country's economy.

In 1806, Dessalines, by now Emperor, was murdered in a power struggle with political rivals who thought him a tyrant. The nation divided into two parts, a southern republic founded by Alexandre Pétion (mulatto), becoming the first black-led republic in the world, and a northern kingdom under Henri Christophe. The idea of liberty in the southern republic was as license, a fondness for idleness shared by elite and peasant. Christophe believed that liberty was the opportunity to show the world that a black nation might be equal, if not better than the white nations. Consequently, he worked the field hands under the same unrelenting military system that Toussaint had developed and that Dessalines tried to continue. He also built more than 100 schools, eight palaces, including his capital Sans Souci and the massive Citadelle Laferrière, the largest fortress in the Western hemisphere.

In August 1820, King Henri I (Henri Christophe) suffered a stroke that left him partially paralyzed. When the news spread of his infirmities, the whispers of rebellion, deceit and treachery began. On October 2, 1820, the military garrison at St. Marc led a mutiny that sparked a revolt. The mutiny preempted a conspiracy of some of Christophe's most loyal generals. Some of his trusted aides took him from the palace of Sans-Souci up to his Citadel, to await the inevitable confrontation with the rebels. Christophe ordered his attendants to dress him in his formal military uniform and for two days desperately tried to raise the strength to lead out his troops. Finally, he ordered his doctor to leave the room. Shortly after he left, Christophe raised his pistol and shot himself dead through the heart.

Following Christophe's death, the nation was reunited as the Republic of Haiti under Jean-Pierre Boyer, Petion's successor. Boyer invaded the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo and proclaimed the entire island under Haitian rule, until 1844 when the Dominican Republic that was formed as white-Catholic nation separate from Haiti for reasons of differences in culture, language, religion, and discontent of the population after abuses of the Haitian army against the population. This constitutes the only independence from one American country from another American country with a war.

अमेरिकी कब्जा

Throughout the nineteenth century, Haiti was ruled by a series of presidents, most of whom remained in office only briefly. Meanwhile, the country's economy was gradually dominated by foreigners, particularly from Germany. Concerned about German influence and growing military presence, and disturbed by the savage public dismembering of President Guillaume Sam by an enraged crowd, the United States invaded and occupied Haiti in 1915. The United States imposed a constitution written by future president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and applied an old system of compulsory corvée labor to everyone. Previously this system had been applied only to members of the poor, black majority. The occupation had many long-lasting effects on the country. United States forces built schools, roads and hospitals, and launched health campaigns that eradicated yellow fever, malaria, and yaws from the island. The vast network of roads, bridges, and clean water systems drastically reshaped Haiti's infrastructure. Unfortunately, the sum of the structural changes to Haiti's systems was not enough to enable any degree of indigenous progress. The U.S. established the Forbes Commission to investigate the lack of progress, and the Commission concluded, amongst other things, that "the social forces that created (the social instability) still remain - poverty, ignorance, and the lack of a tradition or desire for orderly free government." Order and freedom could not be imposed by force of will.

As the U.S. occupation resulted in a degree of central organization of government, finance, and industry, the focus of the country shifted from the provinces to the capital, disadvantaging the loose rural socio-economic fabric of the country in favor of the major urban centers. Inevitably this created an exodus of the rural poor from the countryside. Nationalist rebels, called Cacos, were simultaneously waging a persistent guerilla warfare, headed by Charlemagne Péralte (until 1919) and Dominique Batraville (until 1920). As a consequence, the U.S.-controlled government created a National Guard which in future decades would become the Armée d'Haiti, and be said to commit many atrocities against its own people. Roosevelt was disenchanted with the burden and negative social aspects of trying to organize Haiti, and proceeded to implement an earlier disengagement agreement, thereby ending the U.S. occupation in 1934.

दुभालियर्स

The United States left Haiti in the hands of the mulatto minority, but in 1946 Dumarsais Estimé became the country's first black president since the US occupation began. His efforts at reform sparked disorder, and when he attempted to extend his term of office in 1950 (as most previous presidents had done) there was a coup, followed by the second formal Military Council of Government led by Paul Magloire.

François Duvalier, also known as Papa Doc, was an ex-doctor who ruled as dictator of Haiti from 1964 to his death in 1971. In 1957, Dr. François Duvalier ("Papa Doc") came to power in the country's first universal suffrage election; many believed this outcome was manipulated by the army. In 1964, he declared himself president for life. Duvalier maintained control over the population through his secret police organization, the Volunteers for National Security - nicknamed the Tonton Macoutes ("boogeymen") after a folkloric villain. This organization drew international criticism for its harsh treatment of political adversaries, both real and suspected. Upon Duvalier's death in 1971, he was succeeded by his nineteen year-old son Jean-Claude Duvalier (nicknamed "Baby Doc") as Haiti's new president for life. The younger Duvalier regime became notorious for corruption, and was deposed in 1986, ushering in a new period of upheaval.

रोमन क्याथोलिक प्रजातान्त्रिक ज्याझ्वः

The unravelling of the Duvalier regime began with a popular movement supported by the local church and set in motion by the visit of Pope John Paul II in 1983, who before embarking his plane gave a rousing speech ending with an angry exclamation: "Things must change here!" In 1984, anti-government riots broke out throughout the nation and the Haitian Catholic Bishops' Conference initiated a literacy program designed to prepare the Haitian public for participation in the electoral process.

एरिस्टाइड

किपा:J B Aristide AP.jpg

Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a former Roman Catholic priest, first became President of Haiti in 1991. He would remain President for three terms until he was deposed in 2004 in a violent revolt.

The priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide was elected president in 1990, but was deposed in a coup shortly after his inauguration in 1991. There followed three years of control by a military junta led by Raoul Cedras, before a second US invasion and occupation in 1994 returned Aristide to power. One of the first acts of the re-installed government of Aristide was to disband the army.

Aristide was succeeded by a one-time ally and former prime minister, René Préval, in 1996. Aristide was the first democratically elected president in Haitian history. Préval's administration is notable for the fact that he was the first president in Haiti's history to constitutionally succeed a former president, serve a complete term, and leave his office voluntarily at the prescribed time. Every previous president had either died in office, been assassinated, been deposed, overstayed his prescribed term, or been installed by a foreign power.

MINUSTAH in 2006.
(photo by Patrick-André Perron)

Aristide returned to office in 2001 after elections that were boycotted by many of his opponents, who accused his party, Fanmi Lavalas, of counting votes improperly in a previous senatorial election, as well as threatening critics. Aristide denied the charges and accused his opponents of accepting U.S. assistance, and plotting to overthrow his government. The opposition mostly denied this, but many of its members continually called for his early resignation.

In February 2004, following months of large-scale protests against what critics charged was an increasingly corrupt and violent rule, violence spread through Haiti, involving conflicts between the government and various rebel groups. Under pressure from both foreign governments and internal sources, Aristide left the country for the Central African Republic on February 29. Aristide later alleged that he faced pressure from the US Armed Forces and American officials from the United States' embassy in Port-au-Prince, who he claimed threatened that he "and a lot of Haitians... would be killed" if he did not leave, and said he "has to go now." [१] At the time, the United States and some of Aristide's own security agents claimed that Aristide had agreed to leave the country willingly and that it had escorted him to Africa for his own protection. As Aristide departed the country, many members of his government fled or went into hiding, and the United States again sent Marines into Port-au-Prince. After Aristide's departure, Supreme Court Chief Justice Boniface Alexandre succeeded to the presidency appointed by a council of elders and supported by the United States, Canada, and France.

In the months following the February Coup, the country was engulfed in violence between the interim government's forces and Lavalas supporters, and many members of the Lavalas party were sent to jail, exiled, or killed. Over 10,000 workers in Haitian civil enterprises lost their jobs following the coup.

Elections were held in February 2006, and René Préval was again elected president. Preval has promised to bring peace and stability to the country. (See Haitian elections, 2006.)

राजनीति

हेइटीया राजनीति राष्ट्रपतिय गणतन्त्र, व pluriform बहुदल व्यवस्थाय् जुइ। हेइटीया राष्ट्रपति देय्‌या प्रमुख जुइ धाःसा प्रधानमन्त्री सरकारया प्रमुख जुइ। कार्यपालिकाया शक्ति सरकारं छ्य्‌लि। व्यवस्थापिकाया शक्ति सरकार व हेइटीया राष्ट्रिय एसेम्ब्लीं छ्य्‌लि।

विभाग, एरोन्डिसेमेन्ट, व कम्म्युन

Further information: Arrondissements and communes of Haiti

हेइटीयात १० गु विभागय् बायातगु दु। Please note that the names of departmental capital cities are provided in parentheses.

विभागतेत हानं ४१गु एरोन्डिसेमेन्टत, व १३३ कम्युनय् विभाजन यानातगु दु। थुकिलिं द्वितीय व तृतीय तहया व्यवस्थापिक विभागया ज्या याइ।

हेइटीया विभागत

आर्तोबोनाइत विभाग (Gonaïves) सेन्टर विभाग (Hinche) ग्रान्ड्‌'आन्से विभाग (Jérémie) निप्पेस विभाग (Miragoâne) नर्द विभाग (Cap-Haïtien) नर्ड-एस्ट विभाग (Fort-Liberté) नर्ड-ओउएस्ट विभाग (Port-de-Paix) ओउएस्ट विभाग (पोर्ट-औ-प्रिन्स) *देया राजधानी* सुद-एस्ट विभाग (Jacmel) सुद विभाग (Les Cayes)

भूगोल

हेइटीया मानचित्र

Haiti is situated on the western part of the second largest island in the Greater Antilles, Hispaniola. Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean only behind Cuba and the Dominican Republic respectively. Haiti at its closest point is only 80km away from Cuba. Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains with small coastal plains and river valleys. The country's largest crop-producing and one of Haiti's most fertile river valleys is the Plaine de l'Artibonite. The east and central part of the island is a large elevated plateau. The highest point in Haiti is Pic la Selle at 2,680 m (8,793 feet). The 360-km (224-mile) border is shared with the Dominican Republic. Haiti also contains several islands. The famous island of Tortuga (Île de la Tortue) is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The arrondissement of La Gonâve is located on the island of the same name, in the Gulf of Gonave. Gonave Island is moderately populated by rural villagers. Île à Vache (Island of The Cow) is located off the tip of southwestern Haiti. It is a rather lush island with many beautiful sights. Also part of Haiti are the Cayemites and Ile de Anacaona.

In 1925, Haiti was a lush tropical paradise, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Since then, the population has cut down all but 2% of its forest cover, and in the process has destroyed fertile farmland soils, while contributing to desertification. Erosion has been severe in the mountainous areas. Pictures from space glaringly show the stark difference in forestation between Haiti and the neighboring Dominican Republic. Most Haitian logging is done to produce charcoal, the country's chief source of fuel. The plight of Haiti's forests has attracted international attention, and has led to numerous reforestation efforts, but these have met with little success to date. Despite the large environmental crises, Haiti retains a very high amount of biodiversity in proportion to its small size. The country is home to more than 6,000 plants in which 35% are endemic and 220 species of birds in which 21 species are endemic. The country's high biodiversity is due to its mountainous topography and fluctuating elevations in which each elevation harbors different microclimates and its own endemic fauna and flora. The country's varied scenery include lush green cloud forests (in some of the mountain ranges and the protected areas), high mountain peaks, cactus-strewn desert landscapes (due to the deforestation), and palm tree-lined beaches.

Haiti flood

वातावरणीय विषयत

In addition to soil erosion, the deforestation has also caused periodic flooding, as seen on September 17, 2004. Tropical storm Jeanne skimmed the north coast of Haiti, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of Gonaïves. Earlier that year in May, floods killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.

Currently the country is seeking to implement a biofuel solution to its energy problems.

There has been a dispute between the United States and Haiti about Navassa Island (Navasse), which both countries claim. The Haitian claim relies on documentation that Navassa became part of Haiti after a 1697 agreement between France and Spain that gave France the western third of Hispaniola plus nearby islands, including Navassa Island. The United States claims the island pursuant to its own Guano Islands Act of 1856.

अर्थतन्त्र

काप-हेइटीएनया स्लमय् वांछयातःगु फोहर

हेइटी पाश्चात्य गोलार्धया दक्ले म्हो विकसित देय्‌ ख। थ्व देय्‌या राजनैतिक अस्थिरता व हानं-हानं जुयाच्वनिगु हिंसां याना थ्व देय्‌ नं बांलाक्क विकास याये मफु। सन् १९८०या दशक निसेंया सामाजिक व आर्थिक सूचकं हेइटीयात मेमेगु अविकशित देय्‌ (विशेष याना पाश्चात्य गोलार्ध)या तुलनाय् ल्यु-ल्यु लानावंगु क्यनाच्वंगु दु। सन् २००६इ हेइटी संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघयअ मानव विकास परिसूचक दूगु १७७ देय्‌य् १५४गु थासय् ला। सन् २००३य् करिब ८०% जनसंख्या गरिवी रेखाय् म्वानाच्वंगु खने दु। हेइटी अमेरिकाय् लाःगु छगू जक्क अति विकशित राष्ट्र ख। सन् २००१ व २००२इ आर्थिक विकास ऋणात्मक जुल धाःसा सन् २००३य् आर्थिक विकास मजु। सन् २००६इ प्रेजिडेन्ट प्रेभाल दयेधुंका धाःसा हेइटीया अर्थतन्त्रय् विकास जूगु खने दु।

करिब ६६% हेइटीमिं बुंज्या याइ गुकिलि आपालं चिधंगु स्तरया सब्स्टिनेन्स फार्मिङ याइ, तर थुकिलिं देय्‌या कुल ग्राहस्थ उत्पादनय् ३०% जक्क योगदान बी। थ्व देशय् फर्मल जब क्रियसनया विकास म्हो जक्क जुसां इन्फर्मल इकोनोमी धाःसा विकशित जुयाच्वंगु दु। थ्व देय्‌ करप्सन पर्सेप्सन इन्डेक्स कथं हलिमया दक्ले भ्रष्टाचारी देशय् छगू ख।

थ्व देय्‌या राष्ट्रिय बजेटया ३०-४०% वैदेशिक अनुदानं वै गुकिलि दक्ले अप्व संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका व युरोपियन युनियनं बीगु या। भेनेजुयला व क्युबां नं थ्व देय्‌यात ग्वहालि या।

सन् २०००या निर्वाचनया धांधलीया आरोप व राष्ट्रपति एरिस्टाइडयात थीथी भ्रष्टाचारया आरोप धुंका युएसं हेइटीयात बिइगु अनुदान सन् २००१-२००४ तक्क दिकाबिल। एरिस्टाइडं सत्तात्याग यायेधुंका संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघया हेइटीइ स्टेबिलाइजेसन मिसन ब्राजिलियन सेनाया अगुवाइय् पलिस्था जुल। थ्व धुंका हानं युएसं हेइटीयात अनुदान बीया हल।

शिक्षा

हेइटीया विश्वविद्यालयत थ्व कथं दु:

• काराइबे विश्वविद्यालय
• च्रेतिएने दु नर्ड द्'हेइटी
• हेइटी विश्वविद्यालय
• लुमिएर विश्वविद्यालय / MEBSH
• हेइटीया नर्ते दामे विश्वविद्यालय
• क्विस्क्वेया विश्वविद्यालय
• रोइ हेन्री क्रिस्तोफ विश्वविद्यालय

Demographics

About 95% of Haitians are of predominantly black African descent. The rest are white or of Mulatto descent, with a moderate number of Arab heritage (primarily Syrian and Lebanese). A small number of Haitians are believed to possess both African and Taino/Arawak heritage (called marabou) due to the history of the island; however, the number of native-descended Haitians is not known. There is a very small percentage within the minority who are of Asian descent; nearly all are immigrant residents. The very small number of Asians in Haiti are virtually all concentrated in the country's largest urban areas (primarily Port-au-Prince).

Haitian diaspora

As with many other poor Caribbean nations, there is a large diaspora, which includes many illegal immigration to nearby countries. Millions of Haitians live abroad, chiefly in the Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Lesser Antilles, Canada, France, and the United States.

In the United States

There are large numbers of Haitians who inhabit the "Little Haiti" section of Miami. In New York City, the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Flatbush, Crown Heights, and Canarsie are home to many Haitians. In the Borough of Queens, Jamaica, Queens Village, Rosedale and Cambria Heights have large Haitian populations. Many successful Haitians move east to Long Island, where Elmont and other towns such as Westbury have seen many new residents. Other enclaves that contain Haitians include Boston, Cambridge, Malden and Brockton Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois, Orlando, Florida, and Newark, New Jersey and its surrounding areas.

Culture

Fishing boat with religious writings

Haitian culture is a mix of primarily African and French elements with minor influences from Spanish and Taíno culture. The African and European influence is greatest however in nearly all aspects of society. Haiti's official languages are French and Haitian Creole (Kreyòl Ayisyen). Nearly all Haitians speak the latter, a creole based primarily on French and African languages, with some Spanish, Portuguese, and Taíno influences. Spanish is spoken near the border with the Dominican Republic, and is increasingly being spoken in more westward areas, as Venezuelan, Cuban, and Dominican trade influence Haitian affairs, and Haiti becomes increasingly involved in Latin American transactions.

Religion

Roman Catholicism is the official state religion in which the majority, approximately 80%, of the population professes. An estimated 20 percent of the population follows the teachings of various Protestant churches. Many Haitians, especially Roman Catholics, also practice Vodou (Voodoo), almost always in addition to traditional Catholic observances. Vodou followers believe that spirits called "Lwa," quite similar to the saints of Catholicism, have great power in dictating the course of their lives, though the religion is monotheistic, as Bon Dye (literally translated from French, Good God) is respected as the supreme divinity. Some Haitians, (mainly Protestants), have trouble acknowledging the role Vodou has played in Haiti's history because of the West's misinterpretation and misrepresentation of the religion as related to sorcery and witchcraft. . Haitian Vodou is very similar to the Santería practiced in Cuba and the Dominican Republic, Espiritismo in Puerto Rico, Obeah in Jamaica and the Candomblé in Brazil.

Music

Haiti's most well known music style is kompa, a very vibrant music and dance genre similar to the music of their Cuban neighbors, but often employing African drumming, modern guitars/synthesized sounds, saxophones, and lyrics sung in Haitian Creole. Merengue of the Dominican Republic is also popular in Haiti. The origins of merengue are unclear and the origins vary depending on which country the story is from however many Haitians believe it is an offshoot variant of Haitian Méringue, a similar-sounding style. Nonetheless, Haitians enjoy both sounds. Rasin and kadans are two other popular genres in the country. Other popular genres in Haiti include Salsa music, Trinidadian Soca, and zouk (a combination of kompa and music from the French Antilles). Musicians such as T-Vice, Djakout Mizik, Bonga, Zenglen, NuLook, K-dans, and Carimi perform regularly in the United States and Québec. Sweet Micky is a praised legend of Kompa music. One of the most celebrated Haitian musical artists of today is Haitian-born rapper and musician Wyclef Jean.

Haiti is also famous for its distinctive art, notably painting and sculpture. See Haitian art, Category:Haitian painters and Category:Haitian artists

Cuisine

Haitian cuisine.

Haitian Cuisine is influenced in large part by the methods and foods involved in French cuisine as well as by staples originating from African and Taíno cuisine, such as cassava (kasav), yam, and maize (mayi). Haitian food, though unique in its own right, shares much in common with that of the rest of Latin America.

लिधँसा

• Edwidge Danticat, The Royal Diaries of Anacoana: Golden Flower, Haiti 1490. Retrieved 2006-12-29.

ब्वनादिसँ

• Randall Robinson, An Unbroken Agony- Haiti from Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President, Basic Books, 2007, ISBN 0-465-07050-7
• J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat, Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Violence and Street Children in Haiti, University Press of Florida, 2006, ISBN 0-8130-3009-9
• Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti, Common Courage Press 2003, ISBN 1-56751-242-9
• C. L. R. James: The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution (1938, Vintage, ISBN 0-679-72467-2)
• Martin Ros: Night of Fire - The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti, DaCapo Press, New York 1993, ISBN 0-9627613-8-9
• Wade Davis: The Serpent and The Rainbow
• Kurlansky, Mark. 1992. A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny. Addison-Wesley Publishing. ISBN 0-201-52396-5.
• Fick, Carolyn E., The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below, University of Tennessee Press; first ed edition (February 1, 1990), ISBN-10: 0870496670, ISBN-13: 978-0870496677
• Jared Diamond. 2005. Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03337-5.
• Elizabeth McAlister, Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora, University of California Press, 2002, ISBN 0-520-22823-5.
• Michael Deibert. Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti. Seven Stories Press, New York, 2005. ISBN-10: 1583226974.
• Heinl, Nancy Gordon and Robert. Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People 1492-1995. University Press of America, 1996. ISBN 0-7618-3177-0

स्वयादिसँ

हेइटी दबु

• फ्रीपोर्ट तोर्तुगा
• हिस्पानियोला
• हेइटी फूटबल टिम
• हेइटीया राजनीति

पिनेया स्वापूत

Haiti यागु बारेय् अप्व जानकारी फुकी ज्याझ्वय् कयादिसं:

खंग्वसफू अर्थ विकिस्नरीय्
सफू विकिसफूय्
धापू विकिधापूय्
श्रोत च्वसु विकिश्रोतय्
किपा व मध्यक विकिमंकाय्
बुखं विकिबुखंय्
सीकिगु श्रोत विकिभर्सिटीय्

इतिहास

• maps Haiti
• Kreyol - Haitian History
• Information on Haiti's indigenous heritage and the descendants of the Haitian Arawaks
• Key Dates in Haitian History - Embassy of Haiti
• People in Haitian History - Founders and heroes of Haiti
• Bob Corbett's Haitian History Page - in-depth information about Haitian history and literature
• Napoleon's secret orders to General Leclerc
• 1937 massacre - information about the 1937 massacre of 18,000 Haitians by Dominican President Rafael Trujillo
• Library of Congress - A Country Study: Haiti
• The Louverture Project - Haitian History Wiki
• Institut de la Maison Imperiale d'Haiti
• The Imperial and Military Order of Saint Faustin (Ordre Imperial et Militaire de la Croix de Saint-Faustin)
• 1987 Constitution of Haiti - unofficial translation by Georgetown University
• Embassy of Haiti in Washington D.C.
• Haiti Paper Money

संस्कृति

• Haiti FM Videos
• Music and Video of Rara Festivals in Haiti and New York
• Video: Sculpture marks abolition of slave trade anniversary

The Flag of Haiti
The flag of Haiti was redesigned after the slave revolution over a colonial France. The flag was changed from black and yellow to blue and red.

मालेज्या

• Premye.ht, .ht search engine (using French)

बुखँ

• Yahoo! News Full Coverage
• Encyclpaedia Britannica - Haiti's country page
• Radio Metropole
• Television Nationale d'Haiti
• Agenge Haitienne de Press
• Telehaiti-Television d'Haiti
• Radio Kiskeya
• VOA kreyol
• Haiti Progre - Lavalas news in several languages
• AlterPresse news briefs in several languages
• IFEX independent news
• Haiti News
• Haiti-news list, Haitian news
• Le Nouvelliste Online, political, social, economics, culture and entertainment, sports news
• IPS Inter Press Service Independent news reports and features about Haiti

चाहिलिगु

• Haiti Vacation The Haiti Paradise, Cotes des Arcadins & Jacmel e Ile-a-Vache

संकिपा

• BelFim - Haiti's Internet Movie Database
• Pote Mak Sonje (the Raboteau Trial) (2003)
• Aristide and the Endless Revolution by Nicolas Rossier (2005)

सफू

• Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnograohy of Street Children and Violence in Haiti (2006) by J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat
• Let Haiti Live (2004)
• Pathologies of Power (2003) by Paul Farmer

हेइतिमि नखः

• Why they had to Crush Aristide, The Guardian
• Operation Zero in Haiti, New Left Review
• Haitian Inspiration, Radical Philosophy
• Haiti 1804 as an Event - Fidelity to Freedom, Why has it been so difficult to achieve?

एड्भोकेसी

• Coalition of Organizations in US for Haiti justice
• A 'Child Alert' issued by UNICEF for the country of Haiti
• Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
• Website of Haitian Populat Movement Fanmi Lavalas
• Articles and News Focusing in on Canada's Role in Haiti
• Invisible Violence: Ignoring Murder in Post-Coup Haiti
• ZMag analysis on current situation in Haiti
• Half-Hour for Haiti Action Alerts to promote justice in and for Haiti
• Haiti Justiceblog

उसांय् ख्यः

• Meds & Food for Kids - Stop malnutrition in Haiti before it takes another life.
• International Child Care - Christian health development organization in Haiti & Grace Children's Hospital
• Konbit Sante A New England based Health Partnership with the people of Cap-Haitien
• Haiti Help Med Plus - Haitian medical aid organization
• Zanmi Lasante - Public health NGO Partners in Health
• Hopital Albert Schweitzer Haiti - Integrated Community Health System serving the Artibonite Valley

NGOत

• SOL - Haiti National Organization for Community Development
• SOIL - International Organization for Community Development
• AIDG - Integrating Eco-Friendly Businesses in Developing Countries
• Hope for Haiti - Educational and grassroots development in rural Haiti.
• Autorite Aeroportuaire Nationale d'Haiti (AAN)
• Fondation Sequin- Advocay for the Ecology of Seguin
• Haiti Innovation - Markets sustainable, development projects in Haiti to an active community of Haiti enthusiasts and aid donors
• Pwof Ansanm - educational initiative in Haiti
• Lambi Fund of Haiti - sustainable grassroots development and reforestation for economic justice
• Akolad.com - home of Haitian community online
• HaitiXchange.com - Haitian people, news, and culture
• Haiti Action
• Haiti Democracy Project
• Haiti Support Group
• Hastings Human Rights Project for Haiti - A student led project which lodged a complaint on behalf of former PM Yvon Neptune
• Institute for Justice and Democracy in Haiti - News and human rights activism for Haiti with weekly newsletter
• National Coalition for Haitian Rights
• National Palace
• Sakapfet Online
• Second Generation Haitian-American (Interview)
• UNIF USA - The UNIF USA Foundation

समुदाय

• Pouchons.com Haitian Website Community
• EchodHaiti.com Haitian Cultural Community
• HaitianDiaspora.com Haitian-American Diaspora Community
• STAELO DEFACTO Haitian Culture