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''[[The Second of May 1808]]'', 1814<br>
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''[[The Third of May 1808]]'', 1814<br>
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La familia de Carlos IV, 1798<br>
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'''फ्रान्सिस्को गोया''' [[इस्पान्योल भाषा]]:'''Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes''' ([[मार्च ३०]], [[१७४६]] &ndash; [[अप्रिल १६]], [[१८२८]]) छम्ह [[एरागोन]]मि [[स्पेन|स्पेनमि]] [[चित्रकला|चित्रकलामि]] व [[प्रिन्टमेकिङ|प्रिन्तमेकर]] ख। Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the [[Old Master]]s and as the first of the moderns. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably [[Édouard Manet|Manet]] and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]].<ref>[http://www1.uol.com.br/bienal/23bienal/especial/iego.htm Goya and Modernism, Bienal Internacional de São Paulo] Retrieved 27 July, 2007.</ref>
'''फ्रान्सिस्को गोया''' [[इस्पान्योल भाषा]]:'''Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes''' ([[मार्च ३०]], [[१७४६]] [[अप्रिल १६]], [[१८२८]]) छम्ह [[एरागोन]]मि [[स्पेन|स्पेनमि]] [[चित्रकला|चित्रकलामि]] व [[प्रिन्टमेकिङ|प्रिन्तमेकर]] ख। Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the [[Old Master]]s and as the first of the moderns. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably [[Édouard Manet|Manet]] and [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]].<ref>[http://www1.uol.com.br/bienal/23bienal/especial/iego.htm Goya and Modernism, Bienal Internacional de São Paulo] Retrieved 27 July, 2007.</ref>


==Biography==
== Biography ==
===Youth===
=== Youth ===
Goya was born in [[Fuendetodos, Spain]], in the kingdom of [[Aragón]] in 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the [[family crest]] of his mother. His father earned his living as a [[gilding|gilder]]. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of [[Zaragoza]] and some years later moved into it. Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with [[Martin Zapater]], and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.
Goya was born in [[Fuendetodos, Spain]], in the kingdom of [[Aragón]] in 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the [[family crest]] of his mother. His father earned his living as a [[gilding|gilder]]. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of [[Zaragoza]] and some years later moved into it. Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with [[Martin Zapater]], and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.
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He then journeyed to Rome, where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of [[Parma]]. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar|Basilica of the Pillar]], frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with [[Francisco Bayeu y Subías]] and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous.
He then journeyed to Rome, where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of [[Parma]]. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the [[Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar|Basilica of the Pillar]], frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with [[Francisco Bayeu y Subías]] and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous.
[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 023.jpg|left|thumb|275px|''[[The Third of May 1808]]'', 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid.]]
[[किपा:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 023.jpg|left|thumb|275px|''[[The Third of May 1808]]'', 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. [[Museo del Prado]], Madrid.]]


===Maturity and success===
=== Maturity and success ===
Goya married Bayeu's sister [[Josefa Bayeu|Josefa]] in 1774. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Royal Academy of Fine Art]] (from the year 1765) helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of [[El Escorial]] and the [[Palacio Real de El Pardo]], the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Royal Academy of Fine Art]].
Goya married Bayeu's sister [[Josefa Bayeu|Josefa]] in 1774. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Royal Academy of Fine Art]] (from the year 1765) helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of [[El Escorial]] and the [[Palacio Real de El Pardo]], the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the [[Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando|Royal Academy of Fine Art]].


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After the death of Charles III in 1788 and revolution in France in 1789, during the reign of [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]], Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.<ref>''Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color'' 1961 Goya biography from the [[Museo del Prado]]. As quoted on [http://eeweems.com/goya/1961_prado_bio.html eeweems.com]</ref>
After the death of Charles III in 1788 and revolution in France in 1789, during the reign of [[Charles IV of Spain|Charles IV]], Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.<ref>''Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color'' 1961 Goya biography from the [[Museo del Prado]]. As quoted on [http://eeweems.com/goya/1961_prado_bio.html eeweems.com]</ref>


===''Caprichos''===
=== ''Caprichos'' ===
After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of [[aquatint]]ed [[etching]]s that resulted were published in 1799 under the title ''[[Caprichos]]''. The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters". Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as ''Hunting for Teeth''. Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.
After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of [[aquatint]]ed [[etching]]s that resulted were published in 1799 under the title ''[[Caprichos]]''. The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters". Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as ''Hunting for Teeth''. Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.


[[Image:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''The Family of Charles IV'', 1800. [[Théophile Gautier]] described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery".<ref>Chocano, Carina. "[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/cl-et-goya20jul20,1,399263.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Goya's Ghosts]". ''Los Angeles Times'', [[July 20]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[January 18]], [[2008]].</ref>]]
[[किपा:Francisco de Goya y Lucientes 054.jpg|thumb|right|275px|''The Family of Charles IV'', 1800. [[Théophile Gautier]] described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery".<ref>Chocano, Carina. "[http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/movies/cl-et-goya20jul20,1,399263.story?ctrack=1&cset=true Goya's Ghosts]". ''Los Angeles Times'', [[July 20]], [[2007]]. Retrieved on [[January 18]], [[2008]].</ref>]]


===Painter of royalty===
=== Painter of royalty ===
In 1786 Goya was appointed painter to Charles III, and in 1789 was made court painter to Charles IV. In 1799 he was appointed First Court Painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the [[Manuel de Godoy|Prince of the Peace]] and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of ''The Family of Charles IV'', the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable.<ref>Licht, Fred: ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art'', page 68. Universe Books, 1979. "Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy".</ref>
In 1786 Goya was appointed painter to Charles III, and in 1789 was made court painter to Charles IV. In 1799 he was appointed First Court Painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the [[Manuel de Godoy|Prince of the Peace]] and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of ''The Family of Charles IV'', the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable.<ref>Licht, Fred: ''Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art'', page 68. Universe Books, 1979. "Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy".</ref>


Goya received orders from many friends within the [[Spanish nobility]]. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were [[Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna]] and his wife [[María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna]], [[María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, 13th Duchess of Alba]] (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband [[José Alvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, 13th Duke of Alba]], and [[María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos]].
Goya received orders from many friends within the [[Spanish nobility]]. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were [[Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna]] and his wife [[María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna]], [[María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, 13th Duchess of Alba]] (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband [[José Alvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, 13th Duke of Alba]], and [[María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos]].


===Later years===
=== Later years ===


[[Image:Saturno devorando a sus hijos.jpg|left|thumb|140px|''[[Saturn Devouring His Son]]'', 1819. The title, like all those given to the ''Black Paintings'', was assigned by others after Goya's death.]]
[[किपा:Saturno devorando a sus hijos.jpg|left|thumb|140px|''[[Saturn Devouring His Son]]'', 1819. The title, like all those given to the ''Black Paintings'', was assigned by others after Goya's death.]]


As French forces invaded Spain during the [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.
As French forces invaded Spain during the [[Peninsular War]] (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.
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Goya painted the Spanish royal family, including [[Charles IV of Spain]] and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. His themes range from merry festivals for [[tapestry]], draft cartoons, to scenes of war and corpses. This evolution reflects the darkening of his temper. Modern physicians suspect that the lead in his pigments poisoned him and caused his [[post-lingual hearing impairment|deafness]] since 1792. Near the end of his life, he became reclusive and produced frightening and obscure paintings of insanity, madness, and fantasy. The style of these ''[[Black Paintings]]'' prefigure the [[Expressionism|expressionist]] movement. He often painted himself into the foreground.
Goya painted the Spanish royal family, including [[Charles IV of Spain]] and [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. His themes range from merry festivals for [[tapestry]], draft cartoons, to scenes of war and corpses. This evolution reflects the darkening of his temper. Modern physicians suspect that the lead in his pigments poisoned him and caused his [[post-lingual hearing impairment|deafness]] since 1792. Near the end of his life, he became reclusive and produced frightening and obscure paintings of insanity, madness, and fantasy. The style of these ''[[Black Paintings]]'' prefigure the [[Expressionism|expressionist]] movement. He often painted himself into the foreground.


===The Maja===
=== The Maja ===
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Two of Goya's best known paintings are [[La Maja Desnuda|''The Nude Maja'' (''La maja desnuda'')]] and [[La Maja Vestida|''The Clothed Maja'' (''La maja vestida]]''). They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted ''La maja vestida'' after outrage in Spanish society over the previous ''Desnuda''.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".<ref>Licht, Fred, page 83, 1979.</ref> He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.
Two of Goya's best known paintings are [[La Maja Desnuda|''The Nude Maja'' (''La maja desnuda'')]] and [[La Maja Vestida|''The Clothed Maja'' (''La maja vestida]]''). They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted ''La maja vestida'' after outrage in Spanish society over the previous ''Desnuda''.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".<ref>Licht, Fred, page 83, 1979.</ref> He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.


The identity of the ''Majas'' is uncertain. The most popularly cited subjects are the Duchess of Alba, with whom Goya is thought to have had an affair, and the mistress of [[Manuel de Godoy]], who subsequently owned the paintings. Neither theory has been verified, and it remains as likely that the paintings represent an idealized composite.<ref>[http://museoprado.mcu.es/imajas.html The Clothed Maja and the Nude Maja, the Prado] Retrieved 27 July, 2007.</ref> In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VI after his fall from power and exile, and in 1813 the [[Inquisition]] confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836.<ref>''Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas'', 1996, p. 138, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, ISBN 8487317537</ref>
The identity of the ''Majas'' is uncertain. The most popularly cited subjects are the Duchess of Alba, with whom Goya is thought to have had an affair, and the mistress of [[Manuel de Godoy]], who subsequently owned the paintings. Neither theory has been verified, and it remains as likely that the paintings represent an idealized composite.<ref>[http://museoprado.mcu.es/imajas.html The Clothed Maja and the Nude Maja, the Prado] Retrieved 27 July, 2007.</ref> In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VI after his fall from power and exile, and in 1813 the [[Inquisition]] confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836.<ref>''Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas'', 1996, p. 138, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, ISBN 84-87317-53-7</ref>


===Darker realms===
=== Darker realms ===
In a period of convalescence during 1793–1794, Goya completed a set of eleven small pictures painted on tin; the pictures known as ''Fantasy and Invention'' mark a significant change in his art. These paintings no longer represent the world of popular carnival, but rather a dark, dramatic realm of fantasy and nightmare. ''Courtyard with Lunatics'' is a horrifying and imaginary vision of loneliness, fear and social alienation, a departure from the rather more superficial treatment of mental illness in the works of earlier artists such as [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]].
In a period of convalescence during 1793–1794, Goya completed a set of eleven small pictures painted on tin; the pictures known as ''Fantasy and Invention'' mark a significant change in his art. These paintings no longer represent the world of popular carnival, but rather a dark, dramatic realm of fantasy and nightmare. ''Courtyard with Lunatics'' is a horrifying and imaginary vision of loneliness, fear and social alienation, a departure from the rather more superficial treatment of mental illness in the works of earlier artists such as [[William Hogarth|Hogarth]].
In this painting, the ground, sealed by masonry blocks and iron gate, is occupied by patients and a single warden. The patients are variously staring, sitting, posturing, wrestling, grimacing or disciplining themselves. The top of the picture vanishes with sunlight, emphasizing the nightmarish scene below.
In this painting, the ground, sealed by masonry blocks and iron gate, is occupied by patients and a single warden. The patients are variously staring, sitting, posturing, wrestling, grimacing or disciplining themselves. The top of the picture vanishes with sunlight, emphasizing the nightmarish scene below.
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In ''[[The Third of May 1808|The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid]]'', Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe"<ref>Francisco Goya, quoted at [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/G/goya/may_3rd.jpg.html Artchive].</ref> The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.
In ''[[The Third of May 1808|The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid]]'', Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe"<ref>Francisco Goya, quoted at [http://www.artchive.com/artchive/G/goya/may_3rd.jpg.html Artchive].</ref> The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.


===''Black Paintings'' and ''The Disasters''===
=== ''Black Paintings'' and ''The Disasters'' ===
In later life Goya bought a house, called ''Quinta del Sordo'' ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to witchcraft and war. One of these is the famous work ''Saturn Devouring His Sons'' (known informally in some circles as ''Devoration'' or ''Saturn Eats His Child''), which displays a [[Classical mythology|Greco-Roman]] [[mythological]] scene of the god [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as ''"the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Sistine Chapel ceiling|Sistine]] ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the 16th century"''.<ref>Licht, Fred, page 167, 1979.</ref>
In later life Goya bought a house, called ''Quinta del Sordo'' ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to witchcraft and war. One of these is the famous work ''Saturn Devouring His Sons'' (known informally in some circles as ''Devoration'' or ''Saturn Eats His Child''), which displays a [[Classical mythology|Greco-Roman]] [[mythological]] scene of the god [[Saturn (mythology)|Saturn]] consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as ''"the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as [[Michelangelo]]'s [[Sistine Chapel ceiling|Sistine]] ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the 16th century"''.<ref>Licht, Fred, page 167, 1979.</ref>


[[Image:Goya-Guerra (33).jpg|thumb|left|300px|''What more can one do?'', from ''The Disasters of War'', 1812-15.]]
[[किपा:Goya-Guerra (33).jpg|thumb|left|300px|''What more can one do?'', from ''The Disasters of War'', 1812-15.]]
This painting is one of 14 in a series known as the ''[[Black Paintings]]''. After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an [[encephalitis]] of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the [[Prado]] museum in [[Madrid]].
This painting is one of 14 in a series known as the ''[[Black Paintings]]''. After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an [[encephalitis]] of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the [[Prado]] museum in [[Madrid]].


In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled [[Commons:Los desastres de la guerra|''The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra]]'') which depict scenes from the [[Peninsular War]]. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.
In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled [[Commons:Los desastres de la guerra|''The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra]]'') which depict scenes from the [[Peninsular War]]. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.


===Questions of authenticity===
=== Questions of authenticity ===
The findings of research published since 2003 have raised questions regarding the authenticity of some of Goya's late works. One study claims that the ''Black Paintings'' were applied to walls that did not exist in Goya's home before he left for France. <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DEED61F3CF934A15754C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 NY Times Magazine article dated 27 July, 2003 by Arthur Lubow]</ref> <ref>''Black Paintings of Goya'' by Juan Jose Junquera ISBN 1857592735</ref>
The findings of research published since 2003 have raised questions regarding the authenticity of some of Goya's late works. One study claims that the ''Black Paintings'' were applied to walls that did not exist in Goya's home before he left for France. <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DEED61F3CF934A15754C0A9659C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2 NY Times Magazine article dated 27 July, 2003 by Arthur Lubow]</ref> <ref>''Black Paintings of Goya'' by Juan Jose Junquera ISBN 1-85759-273-5</ref>
In 2008 the [[Prado Museum]] reverted the traditional attribution of [[The Colossus (Goya)|The Colossus]], and expressed doubts over the authenticity of three other paintings attributed to Goya as well.<ref>[http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/goya-iconic-painting-not-created-by-genius.html]Goya's Iconic Painting Not Created by the Genius?</ref>
In 2008 the [[Prado Museum]] reverted the traditional attribution of [[The Colossus (Goya)|The Colossus]], and expressed doubts over the authenticity of three other paintings attributed to Goya as well.<ref>[http://www.infoniac.com/offbeat-news/goya-iconic-painting-not-created-by-genius.html]Goya's Iconic Painting Not Created by the Genius?</ref>


==Cinema, drama and opera==
== Cinema, drama and opera ==
[[Image:GoyaBordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux]]
[[किपा:GoyaBordeaux.jpg|thumb|right|170px|Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux]]


[[Enrique Granados]] composed a piano suite ([[1911 in music|1911]]) and later an [[opera]] ([[1916 in music|1916]]), both called ''[[Goyescas]]'', inspired by the artist's paintings. [[Gian Carlo Menotti]] wrote a biographical opera about him titled ''[[Goya (opera)|Goya]]'' (1986), commissioned by [[Plácido Domingo]], who originated the role; this production has been presented on [[television]]. Goya also inspired [[Michael Nyman]]'s opera ''[[Facing Goya]]'' (2000), and Goya is the central character in [[Clive Barker]]'s play ''Colossus'' (1995).
[[Enrique Granados]] composed a piano suite ([[1911 in music|1911]]) and later an [[opera]] ([[1916 in music|1916]]), both called ''[[Goyescas]]'', inspired by the artist's paintings. [[Gian Carlo Menotti]] wrote a biographical opera about him titled ''[[Goya (opera)|Goya]]'' (1986), commissioned by [[Plácido Domingo]], who originated the role; this production has been presented on [[television]]. Goya also inspired [[Michael Nyman]]'s opera ''[[Facing Goya]]'' (2000), and Goya is the central character in [[Clive Barker]]'s play ''Colossus'' (1995).
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In 1988 American [[musical theatre]] composer [[Maury Yeston]] released a studio cast album of his own musical, ''[[Goya: A Life In Song]]'', in which Plácido Domingo again starred as Goya.
In 1988 American [[musical theatre]] composer [[Maury Yeston]] released a studio cast album of his own musical, ''[[Goya: A Life In Song]]'', in which Plácido Domingo again starred as Goya.


==See also==
== See also ==
*[[List of works by Francisco Goya]]
* [[List of works by Francisco Goya]]
*[[History of painting]]
* [[History of painting]]
*[[Western painting]]
* [[Western painting]]


==Notes==
== Notes ==
[[Image:Goya prado.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A statue of Francisco Goya outside the main entrance of The [[Prado]] Museum in [[Madrid]].]]
[[किपा:Goya prado.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A statue of Francisco Goya outside the main entrance of The [[Prado]] Museum in [[Madrid]].]]
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Sources==
== Sources ==
* John J. Ciofalo, ''The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya.'' Cambridge University Press, 2001
* John J. Ciofalo, ''The Self-Portraits of Francisco Goya.'' Cambridge University Press, 2001
* ''Goya'' (a biographical novel) by [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] ISBN 84-7640-883-8
* ''Goya'' (a biographical novel) by [[Lion Feuchtwanger]] ISBN 84-7640-883-8
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* [http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html eeweems.com] Goya images, biography and resources
* [http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html eeweems.com] Goya images, biography and resources


==External links==
== External links ==
{{Commons|Francisco de Goya y Lucientes}}
{{Commons|Francisco de Goya y Lucientes}}
<!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed.-->
<!-- ATTENTION! Please do not add links without discussion and consensus on the talk page. Undiscussed links will be removed.-->
'''General'''
'''General'''
*[http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html Goya images, biography and resources]
* [http://eeweems.com/goya/index.html Goya images, biography and resources]
*[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455957/ ''Goyas Ghosts'' 2006 film]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0455957/ ''Goyas Ghosts'' 2006 film]
*[http://www.franciscodegoya.net www.franciscodegoya.net] 164 works by Francisco de Goya
* [http://www.franciscodegoya.net www.franciscodegoya.net] 164 works by Francisco de Goya


'''Deafness'''
'''Deafness'''
*Goya's Deafness in Art History[http://idea3.rit.edu/paddhd/publicDA/main/articles/TactileMind/GoyasDeafnessinArtHistory.htm]
* Goya's Deafness in Art History[http://idea3.rit.edu/paddhd/publicDA/main/articles/TactileMind/GoyasDeafnessinArtHistory.htm]


'''Biographies'''
'''Biographies'''
*[http://www.all-art.org/history372-5.html Francisco de Goya at all-art.org]
* [http://www.all-art.org/history372-5.html Francisco de Goya at all-art.org]
*[http://biography.free-people.net/paintings-francisco-goya.php Biography and Paintings of Francisco Goya]
* [http://biography.free-people.net/paintings-francisco-goya.php Biography and Paintings of Francisco Goya]


'''Works'''
'''Works'''
*[http://www.ricci-art.com/en/Francisco-Goya-(de).htm Paintings by Francisco Goya)]
* [http://www.ricci-art.com/en/Francisco-Goya-(de).htm Paintings by Francisco Goya)]
*{{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Caprichos.pdf ''Caprichos'']|10.0&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 10551971 bytes -->}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library])
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Caprichos.pdf ''Caprichos'']|10.0&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 10551971 bytes -->}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library])
*{{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Guerra.pdf ''Desastres de la guerra'']|10.6&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 11169231 bytes -->}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library])
* {{PDFlink|[http://www.gasl.org/refbib/Goya__Guerra.pdf ''Desastres de la guerra'']|10.6&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 11169231 bytes -->}} (PDF in the [http://www.gasl.org/as/referenz Arno Schmidt Reference Library])
*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_caprichos1.html ''Caprichos'' at all-art.org]
* [http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_caprichos1.html ''Caprichos'' at all-art.org]
*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_war1.html ''Disasters of War'' at all-art.org]
* [http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_war1.html ''Disasters of War'' at all-art.org]
*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/disparates1.html ''Disparates'' at all-art.org]
* [http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/disparates1.html ''Disparates'' at all-art.org]
*[http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_tauromaquia1.html ''Tauromaquia'' at all-art.org]
* [http://www.all-art.org/neoclasscism/goya_tauromaquia1.html ''Tauromaquia'' at all-art.org]
*[http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/curex1.htm#legacy Smithsonian Institution exhibit “Legacy: Spain and the United States in the Age of Independence, 1763-1848”, Sept. 27, 2007–Feb. 10, 2008]
* [http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/curex1.htm#legacy Smithsonian Institution exhibit “Legacy: Spain and the United States in the Age of Independence, 1763-1848”, Sept. 27, 2007–Feb. 10, 2008]
*[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya Paintings in Wikimedia Commons]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Goya Paintings in Wikimedia Commons]
*[http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/col/fgp/ Francisco Goya Prints], a [[Claremont Colleges Digital Library]] collection from the [[Pomona College]] Museum of Art
* [http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/col/fgp/ Francisco Goya Prints], a [[Claremont Colleges Digital Library]] collection from the [[Pomona College]] Museum of Art


'''Articles and essays'''
'''Articles and essays'''
*The Sleep of Reason [http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=12796]
* The Sleep of Reason [http://litmed.med.nyu.edu/Annotation?action=view&annid=12796]
*[http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/february/bkpub1.asp ''The Sleep of Reason'' - article in World&I Magazine]
* [http://www.worldandi.com/newhome/public/2004/february/bkpub1.asp ''The Sleep of Reason'' - article in World&I Magazine]
*[http://www.signandsight.com/features/271.html ''Goya's ghouls''] on the Goya's "Don't forget the happiness of Goya!" exhibition in Berlin
* [http://www.signandsight.com/features/271.html ''Goya's ghouls''] on the Goya's "Don't forget the happiness of Goya!" exhibition in Berlin
*[http://www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm Francisco de Goya's ''Black paintings'']
* [http://www.theartwolf.com/goya_black_paintings.htm Francisco de Goya's ''Black paintings'']
*[http://www.pyreneesguide.com/articles.asp?cID=56&sID=395&aID=1199 Goya and his work in Aragon]
* [http://www.pyreneesguide.com/articles.asp?cID=56&sID=395&aID=1199 Goya and his work in Aragon]
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[[Category:Francisco Goya| Goya, Francisco]]

[[Category:Romantic painters]]
[[पुचः:Francisco Goya| Goya, Francisco]]
[[Category:Deaf people]]
[[Category:Spanish painters]]
[[पुचः:Romantic painters]]
[[Category:Aragonese people]]
[[पुचः:Deaf people]]
[[Category:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[पुचः:Spanish painters]]
[[पुचः:Aragonese people]]
[[Category:1746 births]]
[[पुचः:Spanish Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:1828 deaths]]
[[पुचः:1746 births]]
[[Category:Spanish printmakers]]
[[पुचः:1828 deaths]]
[[पुचः:Spanish printmakers]]
[[पुचः:वास्तुशास्त्री, शील्पकार व चित्रकार]]


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{{वास्तुशास्त्री, शील्पकार व चित्रकार}}
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०४:१८, ३० डिसेम्बर २००९तक्कया संस्करण

Francisco Goya

Goya's self-portrait.
बुगु नांFrancisco José de Goya y Lucientes
बुगु (1746-03-30)मार्च 30, सन् 1746
Fuendetodos
मदुगु अप्रिल 16, 1828(1828-04-16) (आयु 82)
Bordeaux
राष्ट्रियता Spanish
ख्यः Painting, Printmaking
ज्या La maja desnuda, ca. 1800
La maja vestida, ca. 1803

The Second of May 1808, 1814
The Third of May 1808, 1814
La familia de Carlos IV, 1798

फ्रान्सिस्को गोया इस्पान्योल भाषा:Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes (मार्च ३०, १७४६अप्रिल १६, १८२८) छम्ह एरागोनमि स्पेनमि चित्रकलामिप्रिन्तमेकर ख। Goya was a court painter to the Spanish Crown and a chronicler of history. He has been regarded both as the last of the Old Masters and as the first of the moderns. The subversive and subjective element in his art, as well as his bold handling of paint, provided a model for the work of later generations of artists, notably Manet and Picasso.[१]

Biography

Youth

Goya was born in Fuendetodos, Spain, in the kingdom of Aragón in 1746 to José Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos, where his family lived in a house bearing the family crest of his mother. His father earned his living as a gilder. About 1749, the family bought a house in the city of Zaragoza and some years later moved into it. Goya attended school at Escuelas Pias, where he formed a close friendship with Martin Zapater, and their correspondence over the years became valuable material for biographies of Goya. At age 14, he entered apprenticeship with the painter José Luján.

He later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. He clashed with his master, and his examinations were unsatisfactory. Goya submitted entries for the Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but was denied entrance.

He then journeyed to Rome, where in 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition organized by the City of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza and painted a part of the cupola of the Basilica of the Pillar, frescoes of the oratory of the cloisters of Aula Dei, and the frescoes of the Sobradiel Palace. He studied with Francisco Bayeu y Subías and his painting began to show signs of the delicate tonalities for which he became famous.

The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Maturity and success

Goya married Bayeu's sister Josefa in 1774. His marriage to Josefa (he nicknamed her "Pepa"), and Francisco Bayeu's membership of the Royal Academy of Fine Art (from the year 1765) helped him to procure work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. There, over the course of five years, he designed some 42 patterns, many of which were used to decorate (and insulate) the bare stone walls of El Escorial and the Palacio Real de El Pardo, the newly built residences of the Spanish monarchs. This brought his artistic talents to the attention of the Spanish monarchs who later would give him access to the royal court. He also painted a canvas for the altar of the Church of San Francisco El Grande, which led to his appointment as a member of the Royal Academy of Fine Art.

In 1783, the Count of Floridablanca, a favorite of King Carlos III, commissioned him to paint his portrait. He also became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. His circle of patrons grew to include the Duke and Duchess of Osuna, whom he painted, the King and other notable people of the kingdom.

After the death of Charles III in 1788 and revolution in France in 1789, during the reign of Charles IV, Goya reached his peak of popularity with royalty.[२]

Caprichos

After contracting a high fever in 1792 Goya was left deaf, and he became withdrawn and introspective. During the five years he spent recuperating, he read a great deal about the French Revolution and its philosophy. The bitter series of aquatinted etchings that resulted were published in 1799 under the title Caprichos. The dark visions depicted in these prints are partly explained by his caption, "The sleep of reason produces monsters". Yet these are not solely bleak in nature and demonstrate the artist's sharp satirical wit, particularly evident in etchings such as Hunting for Teeth. Additionally, one can discern a thread of the macabre running through Goya's work, even in his earlier tapestry cartoons.

The Family of Charles IV, 1800. Théophile Gautier described the figures as looking like "the corner baker and his wife after they won the lottery".[३]

Painter of royalty

In 1786 Goya was appointed painter to Charles III, and in 1789 was made court painter to Charles IV. In 1799 he was appointed First Court Painter with a salary of 50,000 reales and 500 ducats for a coach. He worked on the cupola of the Hermitage of San Antonio de la Florida; he painted the King and the Queen, royal family pictures, portraits of the Prince of the Peace and many other nobles. His portraits are notable for their disinclination to flatter, and in the case of The Family of Charles IV, the lack of visual diplomacy is remarkable.[४]

Goya received orders from many friends within the Spanish nobility. Among those from whom he procured portrait commissions were Pedro de Álcantara Téllez-Girón, 9th Duke of Osuna and his wife María Josefa de la Soledad, 9th Duchess of Osuna, María del Pilar Teresa Cayetana de Silva Alvarez de Toledo, 13th Duchess of Alba (universally known simply as the "Duchess of Alba"), and her husband José Alvarez de Toledo y Gonzaga, 13th Duke of Alba, and María Ana de Pontejos y Sandoval, Marchioness of Pontejos.

Later years

Saturn Devouring His Son, 1819. The title, like all those given to the Black Paintings, was assigned by others after Goya's death.

As French forces invaded Spain during the Peninsular War (1808–1814), the new Spanish court received him as had its predecessors.

When Josefa died in 1812, Goya was painting The Charge of the Mamelukes and The Third of May 1808, and preparing the series of prints known as The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra).

King Ferdinand VII came back to Spain but relations with Goya were not cordial. In 1814 Goya was living with his housekeeper Doña Leocadia and her illegitimate daughter, Rosario Weiss; the young woman studied painting with Goya, who may have been her father.[५] He continued to work incessantly on portraits, pictures of Santa Justa and Santa Rufina, lithographs, pictures of tauromachy, and more. With the idea of isolating himself, he bought a house near Manzanares, which was known as the Quinta del Sordo (roughly, "House of the Deaf Man", titled after its previous owner and not Goya himself). There he made the Black Paintings.

Goya left Spain in May 1824 for Bordeaux, where he settled, and Paris. He returned to Spain in 1826, but despite a warm welcome, he returned to Bordeaux in ill health where he died in 1828 at the age of 82.

Works

Goya painted the Spanish royal family, including Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII. His themes range from merry festivals for tapestry, draft cartoons, to scenes of war and corpses. This evolution reflects the darkening of his temper. Modern physicians suspect that the lead in his pigments poisoned him and caused his deafness since 1792. Near the end of his life, he became reclusive and produced frightening and obscure paintings of insanity, madness, and fantasy. The style of these Black Paintings prefigure the expressionist movement. He often painted himself into the foreground.

The Maja

The Nude Maja, ca. 1800.
The Clothed Maja, ca. 1803.

Two of Goya's best known paintings are The Nude Maja (La maja desnuda) and The Clothed Maja (La maja vestida). They depict the same woman in the same pose, naked and clothed, respectively. He painted La maja vestida after outrage in Spanish society over the previous Desnuda.[पुष्टि(साइटेसन) मागु] Without a pretense to allegorical or mythological meaning, the painting was "the first totally profane life-size female nude in Western art".[६] He refused to paint clothes on her, and instead created a new painting.

The identity of the Majas is uncertain. The most popularly cited subjects are the Duchess of Alba, with whom Goya is thought to have had an affair, and the mistress of Manuel de Godoy, who subsequently owned the paintings. Neither theory has been verified, and it remains as likely that the paintings represent an idealized composite.[७] In 1808 all Godoy's property was seized by Ferdinand VI after his fall from power and exile, and in 1813 the Inquisition confiscated both works as 'obscene', returning them in 1836.[८]

Darker realms

In a period of convalescence during 1793–1794, Goya completed a set of eleven small pictures painted on tin; the pictures known as Fantasy and Invention mark a significant change in his art. These paintings no longer represent the world of popular carnival, but rather a dark, dramatic realm of fantasy and nightmare. Courtyard with Lunatics is a horrifying and imaginary vision of loneliness, fear and social alienation, a departure from the rather more superficial treatment of mental illness in the works of earlier artists such as Hogarth. In this painting, the ground, sealed by masonry blocks and iron gate, is occupied by patients and a single warden. The patients are variously staring, sitting, posturing, wrestling, grimacing or disciplining themselves. The top of the picture vanishes with sunlight, emphasizing the nightmarish scene below.

This picture can be read as an indictment of the widespread punitive treatment of the insane, who were confined with criminals, put in iron manacles, and subjected to physical punishment. And this intention is to be taken into consideration since one of the essential goals of the enlightenment was to reform the prisons and asylums, a subject common in the writings of Voltaire and others. The condemnation of brutality towards prisoners (whether they were criminals or insane) was the subject of many of Goya’s later paintings.

As he completed this painting, Goya was himself undergoing a physical and mental breakdown. It was a few weeks after the French declaration of war on Spain, and Goya’s illness was developing. A contemporary reported, “the noises in his head and deafness aren’t improving, yet his vision is much better and he is back in control of his balance.” His symptoms may indicate a prolonged viral encephalitis or possibly a series of miniature strokes resulting from high blood pressure and affecting hearing and balance centers in the brain. Other postmortem diagnostic assessment points toward paranoid dementia due to unknown brain trauma (perhaps due to the unknown illness which he reported). If this is the case, from here on - we see an insidious assault of his faculties, manifesting as paranoid features in his paintings, culminating in his black paintings and especially Saturn Devouring His Sons.

In 1799 Goya published a series of 80 prints titled Caprichos depicting what he called

...the innumerable foibles and follies to be found in any civilized society, and from the common prejudices and deceitful practices which custom, ignorance, or self-interest have made usual.[९]

In The Third of May, 1808: The Execution of the Defenders of Madrid, Goya attempted to "perpetuate by the means of his brush the most notable and heroic actions of our glorious insurrection against the Tyrant of Europe"[१०] The painting does not show an incident that Goya witnessed; rather it was meant as more abstract commentary.

Black Paintings and The Disasters

In later life Goya bought a house, called Quinta del Sordo ("Deaf Man's House"), and painted many unusual paintings on canvas and on the walls, including references to witchcraft and war. One of these is the famous work Saturn Devouring His Sons (known informally in some circles as Devoration or Saturn Eats His Child), which displays a Greco-Roman mythological scene of the god Saturn consuming a child, a reference to Spain's ongoing civil conflicts. Moreover, the painting has been seen as "the most essential to our understanding of the human condition in modern times, just as Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling is essential to understanding the tenor of the 16th century".[११]

What more can one do?, from The Disasters of War, 1812-15.

This painting is one of 14 in a series known as the Black Paintings. After his death the wall paintings were transferred to canvas and remain some of the best examples of the later period of Goya's life when, deafened and driven half-mad by what was probably an encephalitis of some kind, he decided to free himself from painterly strictures of the time and paint whatever nightmarish visions came to him. Many of these works are in the Prado museum in Madrid.

In the 1810s, Goya created a set of aquatint prints titled The Disasters of War (Los desastres de la guerra) which depict scenes from the Peninsular War. The scenes are singularly disturbing, sometimes macabre in their depiction of battlefield horror, and represent an outraged conscience in the face of death and destruction. The prints were not published until 1863, 35 years after Goya's death.

Questions of authenticity

The findings of research published since 2003 have raised questions regarding the authenticity of some of Goya's late works. One study claims that the Black Paintings were applied to walls that did not exist in Goya's home before he left for France. [१२] [१३] In 2008 the Prado Museum reverted the traditional attribution of The Colossus, and expressed doubts over the authenticity of three other paintings attributed to Goya as well.[१४]

Cinema, drama and opera

Remembrance plaque for Goya in Bordeaux

Enrique Granados composed a piano suite (1911) and later an opera (1916), both called Goyescas, inspired by the artist's paintings. Gian Carlo Menotti wrote a biographical opera about him titled Goya (1986), commissioned by Plácido Domingo, who originated the role; this production has been presented on television. Goya also inspired Michael Nyman's opera Facing Goya (2000), and Goya is the central character in Clive Barker's play Colossus (1995).

Several films portray Goya's life. These include a short film, Goya (1948),[१५] Goya, Historia de una Soledad (1971),[१६] Goya in Bordeaux (1999),[१७] Volavérunt (1999),[१८] and Goya's Ghosts (2006).

In 1988 American musical theatre composer Maury Yeston released a studio cast album of his own musical, Goya: A Life In Song, in which Plácido Domingo again starred as Goya.

See also

Notes

किपा:Goya prado.jpg
A statue of Francisco Goya outside the main entrance of The Prado Museum in Madrid.
  1. Goya and Modernism, Bienal Internacional de São Paulo Retrieved 27 July, 2007.
  2. Galeria de Arte transparencias Ancora A Todo Color 1961 Goya biography from the Museo del Prado. As quoted on eeweems.com
  3. Chocano, Carina. "Goya's Ghosts". Los Angeles Times, July 20, 2007. Retrieved on January 18, 2008.
  4. Licht, Fred: Goya: The Origins of the Modern Temper in Art, page 68. Universe Books, 1979. "Even if one takes into consideration the fact that Spanish portraiture is often realistic to the point of eccentricity, Goya's portrait still remains unique in its drastic description of human bankruptcy".
  5. Rosario Weiss. Jose de la Mano Madrid Art Gallery.
  6. Licht, Fred, page 83, 1979.
  7. The Clothed Maja and the Nude Maja, the Prado Retrieved 27 July, 2007.
  8. Museo del Prado, Catálogo de las pinturas, 1996, p. 138, Ministerio de Educación y Cultura, Madrid, ISBN 84-87317-53-7
  9. The Sleep of Reason Linda Simon (www.worldandi.com). Retrieved 2 December 2006.
  10. Francisco Goya, quoted at Artchive.
  11. Licht, Fred, page 167, 1979.
  12. NY Times Magazine article dated 27 July, 2003 by Arthur Lubow
  13. Black Paintings of Goya by Juan Jose Junquera ISBN 1-85759-273-5
  14. [१]Goya's Iconic Painting Not Created by the Genius?
  15. इन्टरनेट मूभी डेटाबेसय् Goya (1948)
  16. इन्टरनेट मूभी डेटाबेसय् Goya, historia de una soledad (1971)
  17. इन्टरनेट मूभी डेटाबेसय् Goya in Bordeaux (1999)
  18. इन्टरनेट मूभी डेटाबेसय् Volavérunt (1999)

Sources

External links

General

Deafness

  • Goya's Deafness in Art History[२]

Biographies

Works

Articles and essays


Persondata
नां Goya, Francisco
मेमेगु नां Lucientes, Francisco José De La Goya y
चीहाकःगु विवरण Aragonese Spanish painter and printmaker
बुगु तिथि (1746-03-30)मार्च 30, सन् 1746
बुगु थाय् Fuendetodos
मदुगु तिथि अप्रिल 16, 1828(1828-04-16)
मदुगु थाय् Bordeaux


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