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๐‘–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž

เคตเคฟเค•เคฟเคชเคฟเคกเคฟเคฏเคพ เคจเค‚

เคฆเฅ‡เคตเคจเคพเค—เคฐเฅ€เค‡ เคฌเฅเคตเคจเฅ‡เคค: เคœเคจ เคฒเค• เคคเคฟเคฏเคพเคฆเคฟเคธเค๐‘‘‹

๐‘–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž
๐‘๐‘œ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ ๐‘ฃ๐‘พ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต, ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘—
เคฌเฅ‚เค—เฅJohn Locke
(1632-08-29)29 เค…เค—เคธเฅเคŸ เคธเคจเฅ 1632
๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘’๐‘‘‚๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฌ๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘Ÿ, ๐‘‚๐‘’๐‘‘‚๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก
เคฎเคฆเฅ‚เค—เฅ28 เค…เค•เฅเคŸเฅ‹เคฌเคฐ 1704(1704-10-28) (เค†เคฏเฅย 72)
๐‘ด๐‘ต๐‘‚ ๐‘ฎ๐‘พ๐‘จ๐‘ฌ, ๐‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ, ๐‘‚๐‘’๐‘‘‚๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก
เค•เคพเคฒเค–เคฃเฅเคก๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘˜๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘
เค•เฅเคทเฅ‡เคคเฅเคฐ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ ๐‘ก๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ
เคตเคฟเคšเคพเคฐเคงเคพเคฐเคพ
เค…เคญเคฟเคฐเฅเคšเคฟMetaphysics,
epistemology,
political philosophy,
philosophy of mind,
philosophy of education,
economics
เคจเคพเค‚เคœเคพเค—เฅย เคตเคฟเคšเคพเคƒ
เคธเค‚เคธเฅเคฅเคพ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘ฆ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ซ[เฅงเฅฆ]
Royal Society
เคฒเฅเคนเคพเคšเคฟเค‚
John Locke's portrait by Godfrey Kneller, National Portrait Gallery, London

๐‘–๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž (๐‘‘’๐‘‘™ ๐‘€๐‘๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘“๐‘‘’ โ€“ ๐‘‘’๐‘‘˜ ๐‘€๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘š๐‘‘€๐‘ง๐‘ฌ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘—๐‘‘๐‘‘”) ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด ๐‘€๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘–๐‘ท ๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ฐ ๐‘”๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘Ž ๐‘๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฐ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘Ž ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘„ ๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘˜๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ๐‘ฑ๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ท ๐‘”๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ "๐‘„๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ง๐‘ธ"๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘ณ๐‘ท๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฆ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ ๐‘ง๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘ž ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘ง๐‘พ๐‘ฎ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ท ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘จ๐‘ฐ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ท(empiricists)๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ ๐‘ธ๐‘‚ ๐‘ก๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘‘„๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘”๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ง๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ข ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ(social contract theory)๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘‘„๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ซ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ด๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ฅ๐‘น๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ž ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‘„ ๐‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘€๐‘ฎ๐‘‘€๐‘–๐‘ท (epistemology) ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ก๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ณ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ณ๐‘ธ๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„ ๐‘จ๐‘‘€๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘–๐‘ท๐‘ฃ-๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ณ๐‘‘€ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ซ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘š๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ง๐‘‘€๐‘ข๐‘ฃ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ท/๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘˜๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘”๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ท ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฑ๐‘ต๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ท๐‘ซ ๐‘๐‘ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก ๐‘ฐ ๐‘„๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ท ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘‘€๐‘๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ ๐‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘‘๐‘‘€๐‘ฒ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘๐‘ฃ๐‘พ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฒ๐‘‘‚๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž-๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘ฃ๐‘ท ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ณ๐‘ท๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘ข๐‘ถ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฐ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ฐ๐‘ด๐‘ต๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฑ๐‘ต๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘น๐‘Ÿ ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฒ๐‘ž๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘…๐‘ข๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ ๐‘ก๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹

๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ฒ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ (theory of mind) ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘‘… "๐‘ฅ๐‘ด๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘„" ๐‘ฐ "๐‘ ๐‘‘…"๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ธ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘„๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘„๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‚๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘ ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘ถ ๐‘–๐‘ท๐‘ฃ-๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ณ๐‘‘€, ๐‘œ๐‘พ๐‘จ๐‘ถ๐‘œ ๐‘ด๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘น๐‘ฉ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ซ๐‘ฎ ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘š๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฉ๐‘ธ๐‘ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘„ ๐‘๐‘ฃ๐‘พ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹

๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ๐‘‘„ ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘‚๐‘ฎ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฎ๐‘พ๐‘š ๐‘ ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘‚ ๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘พ ๐‘ง๐‘ธ๐‘‚๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘พ ๐‘ด๐‘พ ๐‘•๐‘ธ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘…/๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘˜๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ก๐‘‚ ๐‘ข๐‘‚๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘น๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ-๐‘€๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘š๐‘พ๐‘ฑ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ก๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ๐‘‘„ ๐‘—๐‘ท ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘ฉ๐‘ก๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘Ž ๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘‚ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘˜๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘‘…๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘—๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘‚๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘•๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ฎ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘จ๐‘ฐ๐‘‘„ ๐‘–๐‘Ž ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ž ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘‚๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘จ๐‘ฐ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ก(empiricism)๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ธ๐‘ฅ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘ณ๐‘ท๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‘‹

๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘–๐‘ท ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘ฃ ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ž๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘ซ ๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘…๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘๐‘ธ๐‘ง๐‘ฎ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘๐‘‘„ ๐‘ ๐‘‘…๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ฅ ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘•๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‚, ๐‘€๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘พ ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฐ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‚ ๐‘ข๐‘ฟ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘๐‘‘‹

๐‘ก๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]

๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘น ๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘‘… ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘พ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ:

๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]

๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ฃ๐‘ท๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ง๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ข(social contract)๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ก๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘ณ ๐‘ด๐‘ง๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘จ๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ณ ๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ฅ๐‘ด๐‘‘… ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ถ๐‘ฒ๐‘‘‚๐‘ž๐‘ธ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘€๐‘ ๐‘พ ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘‘„ ๐‘ด๐‘ง๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ ๐‘ ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ด๐‘พ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ท ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘พ ๐‘ง๐‘ท ๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ณ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ธ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต (๐‘ข๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘ง๐‘ต) ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘ฐ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ ๐‘๐‘ฃ๐‘พ๐‘ก๐‘ธ ๐‘ข๐‘ฟ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘น ๐‘๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ณ๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ ๐‘–๐‘ธ๐‘‚, ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘Ž๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ ๐‘‘…๐‘๐‘ธ "๐‘–๐‘ท๐‘ฐ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘„๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚, ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต, ๐‘ฐ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ"๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฒ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ ๐‘ข๐‘ฟ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘๐‘‘‹ ๐‘๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„ ๐‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ท ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘‘๐‘‘€๐‘ฒ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ "๐‘–๐‘ท๐‘ฐ๐‘ฃ, ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘ธ๐‘๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘พ๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต"( "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness") ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘–๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘‚๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ซ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ฅ๐‘ถ ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘„๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘‘€๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹

๐‘ด๐‘ง๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ ๐‘ ๐‘พ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘ฐ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฒ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘–๐‘Ž ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฉ๐‘๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘€๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ฎ๐‘‘„ ๐‘„๐‘Ž๐‘ถ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ด๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘‘… ๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘Ÿ๐‘พ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘ต๐‘– ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ต ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ข๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ท๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ท ๐‘ฑ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฅ๐‘บ๐‘ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘€๐‘ข๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ ๐‘–๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž ๐‘ฉ๐‘๐‘ธ , ๐‘•๐‘ธ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘ง๐‘ต๐‘ข๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘ ๐‘ข๐‘Ž๐‘ต ๐‘ข๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‹ ๐‘ ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ ๐‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘‘๐‘‘€๐‘ฒ๐‘ž๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘ซ๐‘ธ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘–๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ ๐‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘…๐‘ข๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘จ๐‘ต๐‘ฐ ๐‘ฎ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ๐‘‘‹

  • ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ถ๐‘ฒ๐‘‘‚๐‘ž๐‘ธ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต
  • ๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ณ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ง๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฉ
  • ๐‘ข๐‘ฃ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘”๐‘ซ

๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘…๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘…

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]
  • ๐‘€๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ฑ๐‘ต๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ
    • ๐‘ฉ๐‘น๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ (On price theory)
    • ๐‘ข๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ง๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… (Monetary thoughts)
    • ๐‘ฉ๐‘น๐‘ฎ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ก๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ (Theory of value and property)
  • ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘ธ๐‘๐‘‘…
    • ๐‘ ๐‘‘…๐‘ ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘‘„ (The self)
    • ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘๐‘ณ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž(Dream argument)
  • ๐‘ข๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ
    • ๐‘ข๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ต๐‘ณ
    • ๐‘ข๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ก๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ

๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]

๐‘ฎ๐‘Ž๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘น ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ ๐‘ ๐‘ ๐‘พ ๐‘ก๐‘ธ:

  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘˜๐‘‘™: ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฑ๐‘ท๐‘ฎ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘ (A Letter Concerning Toleration)
    • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘: ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฑ๐‘ท๐‘ฎ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘ (A Second Letter Concerning Toleration)
    • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘’: ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฑ๐‘ท๐‘ฎ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘ (A Third Letter for Toleration)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘˜๐‘‘™/๐‘‘™๐‘‘: ๐‘š๐‘ธ ๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘š๐‘ถ๐‘–๐‘พ๐‘ณ ๐‘€๐‘ฆ ๐‘๐‘จ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฃ๐‘ฉ๐‘พ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘š (Two Treatises of Government) (๐‘ฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ก๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ฆ๐‘น ๐‘ฐ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘Š๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘œ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘น ๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘ฎ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ ๐‘‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘ณ ๐‘ด๐‘‘€๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘‘„๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘‘„ ๐‘Ž๐‘ฉ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘„ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘˜๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฑ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ง๐‘‘‚๐‘ก๐‘ท ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘‘„๐‘Ž๐‘‘„ ๐‘ฅ๐‘ถ๐‘ ๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘ธ)๐‘‘‹
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘˜๐‘‘™/๐‘‘™๐‘‘: ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘น๐‘Ÿ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ ๐‘ธ๐‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ณ๐‘ธ (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘‘: ๐‘ง๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘– ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘ข๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ง๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฉ๐‘น ๐‘€๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘พ๐‘Ž๐‘พ๐‘๐‘ธ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘‘…๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘ธ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… (Some Considerations on the consequences of the Lowering of Interest and the Raising of the Value of Money)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘“: ๐‘ฑ๐‘ถ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฒ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘๐‘‘ƒ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘•๐‘ธ๐‘‘„ ๐‘ง๐‘ถ๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘‘… (Some Thoughts Concerning Education)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘•: ๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘ฑ๐‘‘‚๐‘”๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฃ ๐‘ข๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต, ๐‘ข๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘Ž๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘Ÿ๐‘‘…๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘Ž๐‘ ๐‘‘„ (The Reasonableness of Christianity, as Delivered in the Scriptures)
    • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘™๐‘‘•: ๐‘ƒ๐‘ณ๐‘ต๐‘ƒ ๐‘ข๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ž๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘Ÿ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘ฅ๐‘ธ๐‘ฒ๐‘‘‚๐‘š๐‘ถ (A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity)

๐‘ฉ๐‘น ๐‘ฉ๐‘ฌ๐‘ž๐‘‘€๐‘ฅ๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘ฎ๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ด๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘ถ๐‘Ÿ ๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ 

  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘–๐‘‘: ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘š (๐‘ฐ๐‘ต ๐‘€๐‘‘„๐‘๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘–๐‘ท ๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘š ) (First Tract of Government (or the English Tract))
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘–๐‘‘’๐‘ฃ๐‘ต๐‘ฅ๐‘‘„: ๐‘ณ๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘๐‘น๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘š (๐‘ฐ๐‘ต ๐‘ฎ๐‘ต๐‘š๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ ๐‘š๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘Ž๐‘‘‚๐‘š ) (Second Tract of Government (or the Latin Tract))
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ 1664: ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘Ž๐‘บ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ฃ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฉ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ด๐‘‘‚๐‘ซ๐‘ณ๐‘‘… (Questions Concerning the Law of Nature)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘–๐‘‘–๐‘‘—: ๐‘ณ๐‘ด๐‘ฃ๐‘ฑ๐‘ท๐‘ฎ๐‘Ÿ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘‘‚๐‘ง๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ข๐‘ท ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ณ๐‘ธ (Essay Concerning Toleration)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘—๐‘‘๐‘‘–: ๐‘ณ๐‘ฉ๐‘—๐‘ก๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ท๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘ณ๐‘‘„๐‘”๐‘ต๐‘ฎ๐‘ฃ๐‘ซ๐‘‘‚ (Of the Conduct of the Understanding)
  • ๐‘ณ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚ ๐‘‘‘๐‘‘—๐‘‘๐‘‘—: ๐‘ณ๐‘พ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘š ๐‘ฅ๐‘ฎ๐‘‘„ ๐‘๐‘ฎ๐‘พ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘ฅ๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘Ÿ ๐‘”๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ท๐‘๐‘ธ ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘, ๐‘‘‘ ๐‘ฐ ๐‘‘’ ๐‘Ž๐‘‘€๐‘ฌ๐‘ถ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฃ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚, ๐‘ฌ๐‘‘€๐‘ฉ๐‘ฃ๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚, ๐‘‚๐‘ฆ๐‘พ๐‘ณ๐‘ถ๐‘ซ๐‘ฃ๐‘‘‚๐‘ณ๐‘ซ๐‘ต ๐‘•๐‘๐‘น ๐‘ฅ๐‘ต๐‘ฌ๐‘ต๐‘ฆ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฌ๐‘พ๐‘– ๐‘ฐ ๐‘š๐‘ถ๐‘ฅ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฅ๐‘ž๐‘ท (A paraphrase and notes on the Epistles of St. Paul to the Galatians, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Romans, Ephesians)

๐‘ณ๐‘‘‚๐‘ฐ๐‘ซ๐‘ต๐‘ก๐‘ถ๐‘ณ๐‘‘ƒ

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]

๐‘ฎ๐‘ถ๐‘ข๐‘‘„๐‘ณ๐‘ต

[เคธเคฎเฅเคชเคพเคฆเคจ]
  1. โ†‘ Fumerton, Richard (2000), "Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational/#4>. Retrieved on เฅงเฅฏ เค…เค—เคธเฅเคŸ เฅจเฅฆเฅงเฅฎ
  2. โ†‘ David Bostock (2009). Philosophy of Mathematics: An Introduction. Wiley-Blackwell.ย โ€œAll of Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, and Hume supposed that mathematics is a theory of our ideas, but none of them offered any argument for this conceptualist claim, and apparently took it to be uncontroversial.โ€
  3. โ†‘ John W. Yolton (2000). Realism and Appearances: An Essay in Ontology. Cambridge University Press.
  4. โ†‘ "The Correspondence Theory of Truth", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2020, <http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/>. Retrieved on เฅงเฅฏ เค…เค—เคธเฅเคŸ เฅจเฅฆเฅงเฅฎ
  5. โ†‘ (1998) Advanced Topics in Artificial Intelligence. Springer.
  6. โ†‘ (1994) Vere Claiborne Chappell The Cambridge Companion to Locke. Cambridge University Press.
  7. โ†‘ (1995) Fallacies: classical and contemporary readings. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  8. โ†‘ (1690) โ€œBook IV, Chapter XVII: Of Reasonโ€, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
  9. โ†‘ Locke, John (1690). Two Treatises of Government (10th ed.): Chapter II, Section 6. Project Gutenberg.
  10. โ†‘ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named sep