सीजः

Copper, ₀₀Cu

Copper
Appearance	red-orange metallic luster
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Cu)
	63.546±0.003 63.546±0.003 (abridged)
Copper in the periodic table
- ↑ Cu ↓ Ag nickel ← copper → zinc
Group	group 11
Period	period 4
Block	d-block
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 1
Physical properties
Phase at STP	solid
Melting point	1357.77 K ​(1084.62 °C, ​1984.32 °F)
Boiling point	2835 K ​(2562 °C, ​4643 °F)
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)	8.02 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ/mol
Heat of	300.4 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	साधारण: +2 −2, −1, 0, +1, +3, +4
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
energies	(more)
Atomic radius	empirical: 128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of copper
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​(fcc)
Thermal expansion	16.5 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity	401 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity	16.78 n Ω⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod	(annealed) 3810 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	369 MPa
Brinell hardness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS Number	7440-50-8
History
Discovery	Middle East (9000 BC)
Symbol	"Cu": from Latin cuprum
Isotopes of copper

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