छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/मानकिपाकला

देवनागरीइ ब्वनेत: मानकिपाकला तियादिसँ

थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ। 𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐟𑑀𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐦𑐶 (Cartography) 𑐢𑐿𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎 𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵/𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵 (map) 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣, 𑐎𑐮𑐵, 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐁𑐫𑐵𑐩𑐷 (3D) 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐟𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐣𑐶𑐁𑐫𑐵𑐩𑐷 (2D) 𑐨𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐫𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐟𑑅 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐮𑑄 𑐨𑑁𑐐𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐎 𑐖𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐷𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟 𑐰 𑐡𑐺𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐎 𑐬𑐹𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐸𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂।

𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳

𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐵 𑐰 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐲𑐞𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐸:

𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐎𑐵𑐮: 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵𑐟𑑅 𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐴𑑃, 𑐔𑐵, 𑐰𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑑄𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐚𑐮𑐾𑐩𑐷 (Ptolemy) 𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑑁𑐐𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐎 𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐎𑐮।
𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐎𑐵𑐮 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐣𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐞: 𑐳𑐩𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐷 𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐣𑐵𑐥 '𑐩𑐬𑑂𑐎𑐾𑐚𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐖𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣' (Mercator projection) 𑐠𑐾𑑄𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐖𑐸𑐮, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐟 𑐮𑑃𑐥𑐸 𑐮𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐾𑐟 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐳𑐴𑐖 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐮।
𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐫𑐸𑐐: 𑐁𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐃𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐄𑐥𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐴 (Satellite) 𑐰 𑐎𑐩𑑂𑐥𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐚𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐱𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐰 𑐰𑐿𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸।

𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐟𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐟

𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐧𑐵𑑄𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑑃𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐂:

𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐥 (Map Projection): 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐟𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑐩𑐟𑐮 𑐳𑐟𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐷𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶।
𑐡𑐵𑐳𑐸 (Scale): 𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐰 𑐰𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐰𑐶𑐎 𑐧𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐥𑐵𑐟।
𑐔𑐶𑑄 𑐰 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐾𑐟 (Symbols): 𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐶, 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐐𑐸𑑄, 𑐣𑐐𑐬, 𑐰 𑐳𑐷𑐩𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐾𑐟 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎 𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐟।
𑐌𑐬𑐶𑐊𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐾𑐳𑐣 (Orientation): 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐡𑐶𑐱𑐵 (North) 𑐐𑐣 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵।

𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶: GIS 𑐰 GPS

𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵 𑐁𑑅 𑐜𑐶𑐖𑐶𑐚𑐮 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸:

𑐨𑑁𑐐𑑀𑐮𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐹𑐔𑐣𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐞𑐵𑐮𑐷 (GIS): 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐵𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐩𑑄 𑐠𑐷-𑐠𑐷 𑐟𑐴 (layers) 𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐎 𑐩𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐖𑐚𑐶𑐮 𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾 𑐦𑐂। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐣𑐐𑐬 𑐫𑑀𑐖𑐣𑐵 (Urban planning) 𑐰 𑐁𑐥𑐟𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐷𑐣 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐥𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄 𑐡𑐸।
Global Positioning System (GPS): 𑐄𑐥𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐴𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐚𑐷𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟𑐶 (coordinates) 𑐮𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶।

𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰

𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐰𑐷𑐫 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐎𑐷:

𑐫𑐵𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰 𑐣𑐾𑐨𑐶𑐐𑐾𑐳𑐣: 𑐐𑐸𑐐𑐮 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑑂𑐳 (Google Maps) 𑐠𑐾𑑄𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐾𑐰𑐵𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐀𑑅𑐥𑐸𑐎𑐵 𑐧𑐶𑐮।
𑐳𑑄𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐣 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐥𑐣: 𑐐𑐸𑑄, 𑐮𑑅, 𑐰 𑐏𑐣𑐶𑐖 𑐳𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾𑐟 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐶𑐎𑐵 𑐡𑐂।
𑐳𑐿𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐰 𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵: 𑐡𑐾𑐫𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐰 𑐳𑐿𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐬𑐞𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐳𑐹𑐎𑑂𑐲𑑂𑐩 𑐣𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐂।

𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵

Robinson, Arthur H. (1995). Elements of Cartography.
Monmonier, Mark (1991). How to Lie with Maps.