छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/फोतोन

थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ। 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐟𑑀𑐣 (𑐀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐖𑐷: Photon; 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐎 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 "𑐦𑑀𑐳" phôs 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐟 "𑐖𑑅" 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐣𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸) 𑐖𑑅 (Light) 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟𑐔𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐎𑐷𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐶𑐬𑐞 (Electromagnetic radiation) 𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐞 𑐰𑐵 "𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐩" (Quantum) 𑐏𑑅।

𑐨𑑁𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂, 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 "𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐨𑐹𑐟 𑐎𑐞" (Elementary particle)𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐎𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 "𑐩𑐵𑐳" (Mass) 𑐱𑐹𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐾𑑄 "𑐖𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐟𑐶" (Speed of light, $c$) 𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶। 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑑄 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 (Energy) 𑐰 𑐩𑑀𑐩𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐩 (Momentum) 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐣𑐷, 𑐟𑐬 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐔𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐖 (Charge) 𑐱𑐹𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐂।

𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳

𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐰𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞𑐵 𑐨𑑁𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐡𑐸।

• 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐚𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅: 𑑑𑑗𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 𑐁𑐂𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐚𑐣 (Isaac Newton) 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑑅 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶-𑐔𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐞𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐐𑐸 (Corpuscles) 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐵𑐴 𑐏𑑅 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅।
• 𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟: 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵, 𑑑𑑙𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑀𑐐𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐳𑑄 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣 𑐎𑐶 𑐖𑑅 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐞 𑐩𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐾𑑄 "𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐" (Wave) 𑐏𑑅।
• 𑐁𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐂𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐶: 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑙𑑐𑑕 𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐧𑐬𑑂𑐚 𑐁𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐂𑐣 (Albert Einstein) 𑐣𑑄 "𑐖𑑅-𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰" (Photoelectric effect) 𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑐮𑑄 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮 𑐎𑐶 𑐖𑑅 𑐎𑐾𑐰𑐮 𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐖𑐎 𑐩𑐏𑐸, 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐶-𑐔𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑅 (Packets) 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐣𑑄 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐴𑐾 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 "𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣" 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑐶𑐮। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐁𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐂𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐣𑑀𑐧𑐾𑐮 𑐳𑐶𑐬𑐥𑐵 (Nobel Prize) 𑐮𑑅𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅।

𑐩𑐹 𑐐𑐸𑐞𑐟 (Properties)

𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲𑐟𑐵 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐸:

1. 𑐩𑐵𑐳 (Mass): 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 "𑐬𑐾𑐳𑑂𑐚 𑐩𑐵𑐳" (Rest mass) 𑐱𑐹𑐣𑑂𑐫 (0) 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐾 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐟𑐎 𑐰𑐣𑐾 𑐦𑐸।
2. 𑐐𑐟𑐶 (Speed): 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐟 (Vacuum) 𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐟𑐶 $299,792,458$ 𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶 𑐳𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐜 𑐖𑐸𑐂, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 $c$ 𑐢𑐵𑐂।
3. 𑐔𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐖 (Charge): 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐔𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐖 𑐱𑐹𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐂, 𑐄𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐰𑐵 𑐔𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐎𑐷𑐫 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐩𑐏𑐸।
4. 𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐶𑐣 (Spin): 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣 𑐕𑐐𑐹 "𑐧𑑀𑐳𑑀𑐣" (Boson) 𑐎𑐞 𑐏𑑅 𑐰 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐶𑐣 𑑑 𑐡𑐂।

𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 𑐰 𑐩𑑀𑐩𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐩

𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 ($E$) 𑐰 𑐄𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐰𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶 (Frequency, $f$) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐟𑐥𑑂𑐫𑑄𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐂। 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐳 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐎 (Max Planck) 𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐸𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐎𑐠𑑄:

$E=hf$

𑐠𑐣 $h$ 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 "𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐳𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐚" (Planck's constant) 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠 𑐏𑑅 𑐎𑐶, 𑐖𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Color) 𑐰𑐵 𑐁𑐰𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐂 (𑐐𑐠𑐾𑐎𑐶 𑐰𑐵𑐄𑑃𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐵 𑐧𑐿𑐖𑐣𑐷), 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 𑐄𑐮𑐶 𑐴𑐾 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐂। 𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐄𑑃𑐐𑐸 (Red) 𑐖𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐡𑐂।

𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐-𑐎𑐞 𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐿𑐟𑐰𑐵𑐡 (Wave-Particle Duality)

𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐖𑐸𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑐸𑐞 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 "𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐-𑐎𑐞 𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐿𑐟𑐰𑐵𑐡" 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠 𑐏𑑅 𑐎𑐶 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑑄 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾𑑄 "𑐟𑐬𑐒𑑂𑐐" (Wave) 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐂 (𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐬𑐦𑐾𑐬𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳, 𑐜𑐶𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣), 𑐀𑐮𑐾 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾𑑄 "𑐎𑐞" (Particle) 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐂 (𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐂𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐂𑐦𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚)।

𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶

𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐟 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂:

• 𑐊𑐚𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐶𑐳𑐣: 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐂𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐣 (Electron) 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑑅𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 𑐟𑐮𑑄 (High energy level) 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 𑐟𑐮𑐫𑑂 (Low energy level) 𑐎𑐸𑐴𑐵𑑃 𑐰𑐂, 𑐄𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐄𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣 𑐥𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐂।
• 𑐣𑐵𑐨𑐶𑐎𑐷𑐫 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵: 𑐳𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐖𑐣 (Fusion) 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐟-𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐩𑐵 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐟 (𑐐𑐵𑐩𑐵 𑐎𑐶𑐬𑐞) 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐣𑑂𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂, 𑐐𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐖𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐷।

𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐮𑐾𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵

• 𑐮𑐾𑐖𑐬 (Laser): 𑐮𑐾𑐖𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐴𑐾 𑐁𑐰𑐺𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶 (Frequency) 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐐𑐸 𑐧𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑅 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐷।
• 𑐡𑐺𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐶 (Vision): 𑐗𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐾𑐚𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐾𑐰𑑄 𑐴𑐾 𑐗𑐷𑐳𑑄 𑐏𑐣𑐾 𑐦𑐂। 𑐩𑐶𑐏𑐵𑑄 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐳𑐒𑑂𑐎𑐾𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐴𑐶𑐮𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐾𑐥𑐹𑐂 𑐕𑑂𑐰𑐂।
• 𑐳𑐘𑑂𑐔𑐵𑐬: 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐎𑐮 𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐧𑐬 (Optical Fiber) 𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐵𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐩𑑄 𑐜𑐵𑐚𑐵 (Data) 𑐕𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵।
• 𑐳𑑁𑐬𑑂𑐫 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵 (Solar Energy): 𑐳𑑀𑐮𑐵𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐦𑑀𑐚𑑀𑐣𑑄 𑐴𑐾 𑐂𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 "𑐢𑐎𑑂𑐎𑐵" 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐟 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐵𑐡𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐂।