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Map of Earth's 16 principal tectonic plates

The tectonic plates of the world were mapped in the second half of the 20th century.

Remnants of the Farallon Plate, deep in Earth's mantle. It is thought that much of the plate initially went under North America (particularly the western United States and southwest Canada) at a very shallow angle, creating much of the mountainous terrain in the area (particularly the southern Rocky Mountains).

𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐚𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐳 𑐢𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐮𑑂𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑑅(Lithosphere) 𑐠𑐷-𑐠𑐷 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐰𑐿𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐟 '𑐚𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚' 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 '𑐊𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐾𑐣𑑀𑐳𑑂𑐦𑐶𑐫𑐬' (Asthenosphere) 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐢-𑐟𑐬𑐮 𑐥𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐳𑐸𑐳𑑂𑐟 𑐐𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐳𑐣𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐶।

𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟𑐫𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐣𑐵𑑅 (Plate Movements)

𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐩𑐸𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐹 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐳𑐣𑐶:

𑑑. 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐨𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚 (Convergent) 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸: 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾 𑐰𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑑄 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑐸𑑃 (Mountains) 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐷। 𑐴𑐶𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐫 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐐𑐸𑑄 𑐣𑑄 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐴𑐾 𑐨𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐷𑐫 𑐰 𑐫𑐸𑐬𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅।

𑑒. 𑐜𑐵𑐂𑐨𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚 (Divergent) 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐠𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸: 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾 𑐟𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐎 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐣𑐷। 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑑂𑐩𑐵 (Magma) 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑃 𑐰𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐧𑑃 (Crust) 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐷। 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐂।

𑑓. 𑐚𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐳𑐦𑐬𑑂𑐩 (Transform): 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐑𑐬𑑂𑐲𑐞 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐠𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐰𑑄𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐵𑑄 𑐡𑐶𑐱𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐎 𑐴𑐶𑐮𑐷 । 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐀𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐨𑐹𑐏𑐵𑑅 (Earthquake) 𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐡𑐂।

𑐨𑐹𑐏𑐵𑑅 𑐰 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐏𑐷

𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐚𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐴𑐾 𑐥𑐺𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐷𑐂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐴𑐶𑐄𑐥𑐵𑑅𑐟 𑐰𑐂:

• 𑐨𑐹𑐏𑐵𑑅: 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟𑐫𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐂 𑐑𑐬𑑂𑐲𑐞 𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐱𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑃 𑐰𑐂𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐨𑐸𑐏𑐵𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐂।
• 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐩𑐸𑐏𑐷: 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚𑐟 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐣𑐷𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐵 𑐠𑐎𑐵𑐂𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑐵𑐨𑐵 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑃 𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑑃𑐥𑐸 𑐡𑐂।
• 𑐩𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐵𑐬: 𑐳𑐩𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐟𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐧𑑃 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑑃 𑐳𑑂𑐫𑑄𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐾 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂।

𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵H 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐚𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐳

𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑑃 '𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐚𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐣𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐳' 𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐺𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐞𑑄 𑐟𑐳𑐎𑑄 𑐖𑑀𑐏𑐶𑐩𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐠𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵। 𑐨𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐷𑐫 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶 𑐡𑑃 𑐎𑐬𑐶𑐧 𑑕 𑐳𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐩𑐶𑐚𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐫𑐸𑐬𑐾𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐚 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐾 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐵𑑅 𑐰 𑐁𑐳𑐥𑐵𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐹𑐏𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐂।

𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵

• Wegener, Alfred (1915). The Origin of Continents and Oceans.
• Oreskes, Naomi (2003). Plate Tectonics: An Insider's History of the Modern Theory of the Earth.
• Turcotte, D. L. & Schubert, G. (2002). Geodynamics.