छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/चिनियाँ दर्शन
थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ। 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 (Chinese Philosophy) 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵𑑄 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐱𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐾 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 '𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐆𑐟𑐸' (Spring and Autumn Period) 𑐰 '𑐫𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐬𑐟 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐎𑐵𑐮' (Warring States Period) 𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐄𑐡𑑂𑐡𑐾𑐱𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐐𑐟 𑐳𑐡𑑂𑐐𑐸𑐞, 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐡𑑂𑐨𑐵𑐰, 𑐰 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐴𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 (Tao) 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑐩𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐫 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅।
[[𑐎𑐶𑐥𑐵:Half_Portraits_of_the_Great_Sage_and_Virtuous_Men_of_Old_-_Confucius.jpg|alt=Painting of Confucius|thumb| 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵 𑐰 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑑄 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐧𑐶𑐮।]] 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐥𑐵𑐫𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐁𑐔𑐬𑐞, 𑐳𑐬𑐎𑐵𑐬, 𑐰 𑐁𑐟𑑂𑐩-𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐮𑐶𑐳𑐾 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐳𑑅 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐸। 𑐃𑐳𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑑖𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐃𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐄𑐠𑐮𑐥𑐸𑐠𑐮𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐬𑑂𑐢𑐷 𑐎𑐸𑐟𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐗𑑂𑐰𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑐮। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐏। 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐮𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 (𑑕𑑕𑑑–𑑔𑑗𑑙 𑐃𑐳𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰) 𑐣𑑄 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐐𑐸𑐞𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐮 𑐀𑐮𑐾 𑐄𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐡𑑂𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐐𑐠𑐾 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐮𑐣𑐷 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐲𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐟। 𑐡𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐮𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐮𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷𑑄 (𑑖𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷 𑐃𑐳𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰) 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮 𑐰 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐡𑐵𑐌 𑐰𑐵 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑐵𑐮𑐣𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐟𑐵𑐮𑐩𑐾𑐮 𑐫𑐵𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐐𑐠𑐾 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐩𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐦𑐂 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐖𑐵𑑃𑐔 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐱𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵 𑐩𑑀𑐴𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐩 𑐏, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐥𑐬𑑀𑐥𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐷 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐞𑐵𑐩𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐶𑐎 𑐬𑐸𑐥 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐫𑐵𑐟, 𑐰 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐧𑐮𑑂𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐰 𑐎𑐜𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐹𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐧𑑅 𑐧𑐶𑐮।
𑐧𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐃𑐳𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑑑 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐸𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐰𑐮 𑐰 𑐧𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐮 । 𑐃𑐳𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰 𑑓 𑐐𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐱𑐸𑐁𑐣𑐱𑐸𑐊 𑐧𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐾𑐎𑐸𑐠𑐶 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐮। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐁𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐧𑑅 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐟 । [१] 𑐣𑐰-𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐃. 𑑑𑑑𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐂 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐮𑐾 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐖𑐐 𑐩𑐵𑐮𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐟𑑅 𑐫𑐵𑐟 । 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐃 𑑒𑑐𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑄 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐 𑐳𑑄𑐑𑐬𑑂𑐲, 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐰 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐩𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐡𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐶𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐡𑐺𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐰𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐞 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐡𑐫 𑐏, 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐡𑑂𑐡𑐾𑐱𑑂𑐫 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎𑐷𑐎𑐬𑐞 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐣𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐮𑑀𑐎𑐟𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐁𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱 𑐰 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐎𑐹𑐮𑐟𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐾𑐲𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐏।
𑐩𑐸𑐏𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵𑐟
[सम्पादन]𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 "𑐳𑐔𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅" (Hundred Schools of Thought) 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐾 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐹 𑐩𑐹 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐳𑑄 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖 𑐰 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐎𑐮:
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐮𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 (Kong Fuzi) 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵, 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢, 𑐰 𑐳𑐬𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐹𑐩𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐠𑐩𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷।
- 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵: '𑐬𑐾𑐣' (Ren - 𑐥𑐬𑑀𑐥𑐎𑐵𑐬) 𑐰 '𑐮𑐷' (Li - 𑐱𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐵𑐔𑐵𑐬)।
- 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐵𑐔𑐵𑐕𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐣 (Filial piety) 𑐰 𑐐𑐸𑐬𑐸-𑐱𑐶𑐲𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑑀𑐜 𑐧𑐷।
𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐂𑐰𑐵𑐡,[२][३] 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐏। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑐮𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵,[note १] 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 (𑑕𑑕𑑑-𑑔𑑗𑑙 𑐂𑐥𑐹)𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵। 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐕𑐐𑐹 "𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎-𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎-𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵"𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵, 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐷𑐫 𑐟𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐸𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐸𑐮।[६] 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡 (Chinese legalism)𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵, 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐰𑐣। 𑐟𑐬, 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐚𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐢𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐬𑐞𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐱𑐵𑐳𑐎𑐷𑐫 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐮𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐟। 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑑒𑐐𑐹 𑐱𑐡𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐟𑐣 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑀𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐿𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐮।
𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐹𑐣𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐞 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐃𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐃𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑑄 𑐧𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐥𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐱𑐬𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑐰-𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐸𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐣𑐰-𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱𑐫𑑂 𑐱𑐵𑐴𑐷 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 (imperial exams)𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐐 𑐡𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐮 𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘-𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐷(scholar-officials)𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹𑐮𑐨𑐹𑐟 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐞 𑐫𑐵𑐟। 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑙𑑐𑑕𑐳 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐔𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐎𑐾 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑑒𑑐𑐐𑐹 𑐱𑐡𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐖𑐶𑐮𑐖𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐗𑑂𑐰𑑅 (New Culture Movement)𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐩𑐖𑑀𑐬𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐡𑑀𑐲𑐵𑐬𑑀𑐥𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐟। 𑐂𑐩𑐶𑐳𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐹𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐟𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 (Three Principles of the People)𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐐𑐞𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐰 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐩𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐣𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐐𑐞𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐮𑐶𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐟। 𑑒𑑐𑐐𑐹 𑐱𑐡𑐷𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐂𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐕𑐸𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐫𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐊𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐟𑐣𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐹𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑑄 𑐮𑑀𑐎𑑄𑐴𑑂𑐰𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸।
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐮𑐵𑐌𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐸 (Laozi) 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐳𑐸𑐬𑐸 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐟𑐵𑐡𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑑂𑐫 𑐩𑐶𑐮𑐾𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑑀𑐜 𑐧𑐷।
- 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵: '𑐟𑐵𑐌' (Tao - 𑐮𑑃𑐥𑐸 𑐰𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐩) 𑐰 '𑐰𑐸-𑐰𑐾𑐃' (Wu-wei - 𑐀𑐎𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐞𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑐵 𑐳𑐴𑐖 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐫)।
- 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑑄 𑐳𑐬𑐮𑐟𑐵, 𑐰𑐶𑐣𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐟𑐵, 𑐰 𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐰 (Yin and Yang) 𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐸𑐮𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐠𑐩𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷।
- 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐣𑑄 𑐴𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵।
𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐰𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡 (𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂: 道家; 𑐥𑐶𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐶𑐣: Dàojiā, 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠. '𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐫') 𑐰𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐮𑑀𑐖𑐷 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐔𑐮𑐶𑐟 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵 𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑑂 '𑐡𑐵𑐌 (Dao)' 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑐸𑐩𑐢𑐸𑐬 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐟𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐎𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐡𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐬𑐴𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐩𑐫 𑐰 𑐐𑐴𑐣 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐵𑐌 𑐴𑐾 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐞 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐴𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑐵 𑐄𑐟𑑂𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐟𑐶, 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐺𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐩𑐹𑐮 𑐟𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐏।
𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐸𑐬𑐸𑐰𑐵𑐟𑐷 𑐔𑐬𑐞 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐴𑐾 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐥𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐬 𑐄𑐥-𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐏𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄, 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐹𑐱𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰 𑐧𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐠𑐾𑑄𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐬 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐵𑐡 𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃 𑐏𑐣𑐾𑐡𑐸। 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐹𑐱𑐶𑐫𑐳 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐱𑐵𑐬𑐷𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐟𑐠𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐟𑑅 𑐰 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑄𑐐𑐛𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑐩 𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐧𑐶𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐞𑑄 𑐥𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂, 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐸𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐟 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐸: 𑐰𑐸𑐰𑐾𑐂 ("𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐫𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐩𑑂𑐰𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐫 effortless action"), 𑐗𑐶𑐬𑐵𑐣 (𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠. '𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑄-𑐳𑐵' 𑐰𑐵 "𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐫𑐠𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐵 natural authenticity"), 𑐎𑐶 ("𑐁𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐵") 𑐰𑐸𑐄 ("non-being 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵"), 𑐰𑐸𑐖𑐶" ('𑐐𑐿𑐴𑑂𑐬-𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐿𑐢 non-duality"), 𑐟𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐷 ("𑐢𑑂𑐬𑐸𑐰𑐷𑐟𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐵 polarity") 𑐰 𑐫𑐶𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 (𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠 𑐟𑐾𑐮𑑂𑐮𑐵𑑅 𑐰 𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐸𑑄); 𑐧𑐶𑐁𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐸𑐁 (𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐣); 𑐦𑐵𑐣 (fǎn 𑐰𑐵 "𑐰𑐶𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐞𑐩 𑐰𑐵 reversal"), 𑐟𑐠𑐵 𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐀𑐨𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐳𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾𑑄 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐐𑐟 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 ।
𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 "𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣" 𑐰 '𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩'𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐮𑐐 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐟𑑅 𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐰𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐖𑐣 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐏𑐣𑐾𑐩𑐡𑐸। 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠, 𑐳𑐵𑐴𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐫 𑐰 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐥𑐸𑐖𑐵𑐬𑐷𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐳𑑄 "𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩" 𑐮𑐶𑐳𑐾 '𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣'𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐧𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐡𑐸। 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑑅 𑐀𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐶𑐟 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐟 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑐣𑐾𑐡𑐸 [2]।
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐿𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐹 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐡𑐾𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐰 𑐗𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷 𑐮𑐵। 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑐫𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐵𑑄 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐐𑐹 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐮। 𑐁𑐂 𑐔𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐧𑐶 𑐠𑐾𑑄𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐣𑐟𑐫𑑂𑐳𑑄 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐴𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐟।[1] 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 𑐡𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐(Dàozàng)𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑐬𑐶𑐧 𑑑,𑑔𑑐𑑐 𑐩𑐾𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 𑐩𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸।
𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 (𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐷: 道教 𑐡𑐵𑐌-𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐌) 𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐴𑐾 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐏𑑅। 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐕𑐐𑐸 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐩𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐰 𑐖𑐷𑐰𑐣𑐱𑐿𑐮𑐷 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐰𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅 । 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵 𑐧𑑁𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐷𑐣 𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐣𑐾 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐣𑑄 𑐧𑑁𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐟 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞𑐵 𑐠𑐶𑑄𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐮 𑐰 𑐕𑐐𑐸 "𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩" 𑐖𑐸 𑐰𑐣। 𑐧𑑁𑐡𑑂𑐢 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐃-𑐃𑐮𑐾 𑐀𑐴𑐶𑑄𑐳𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐎 𑐳𑑄𑐑𑐬𑑂𑐲 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣, 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐴𑐾 𑐳𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐟 𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐮𑐵𑐌-𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐷 𑐣𑑄 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 𑐡𑐵𑐌-𑐡𑐾-𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐐 𑐰 𑐖𑑆𑐸𑐁𑑄𑐐-𑐖𑑆𑐷 𑐏𑑅 ।
𑐟𑐵𑐌 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐷-𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐟𑐵 𑐡𑐸, 𑐰 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐟𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳 𑐫𑐵𑐂 । 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐕𑐐𑐸 𑐧𑐴𑐸𑐃𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐬𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐷 𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩 𑐏𑑅 ।
𑑓. 𑐮𑐶𑐐𑐮𑐶𑐖𑐩 (Legalism)
[सम्पादन]𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐹 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐨𑐵𑐰𑑄 𑐴𑐾 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐷 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳 𑐫𑐵𑐂।
- 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵: 𑐎𑐜𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐣𑐸𑐣 𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐥𑐲𑑂𑐚 𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜-𑐥𑐸𑐬𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑑄 𑐖𑐎 𑐳𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐩 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐦𑐂।
- 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐚 𑐎𑐶𑐣 𑐱𑐶 𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐒 (Qin Shi Huang) 𑐣𑑄 𑐠𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐾 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫 𑐳𑐘𑑂𑐔𑐵𑐮𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮।
𑐳𑐔𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵
[सम्पादन]𑐳𑐔𑑂𑐕𑐶 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐵 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐶 𑐧𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 諸子百家; 𑐥𑐶𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐶𑐣: zhūzǐ bǎijiā) 𑐔𑐶𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑑖 𑐐𑐹 𑐱𑐟𑐵𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐷 𑐂𑐥𑐹 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑑒𑑒𑑑𑐂𑐥𑐹 𑐟𑐎 𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐆𑐟𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐩𑐶 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐮 𑐟𑐎 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷, 𑐖𑑆𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷, 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫, 𑐩𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳 , 𑐖𑑆𑐸𑐣𑐖𑐷 , 𑐩𑑀𑐖𑐷, 𑐮𑐷𑐖𑐷, 𑐳𑐸𑐣𑐖𑐷 , 𑐱𑐾𑐣𑐖𑐷 , 𑐴𑐣𑐦𑐾𑐖𑐷, 𑐐𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸𑐖𑐷 𑐰 𑐐𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐶𑑄 𑐔𑐶𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐎 𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐎𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐥𑐟𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐮𑐶𑐥𑐵𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑑀𑐴𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵, 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐳𑐿𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐰 𑐫𑐶𑐣-𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐰𑐿𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐄𑐡𑐫 𑐖𑐸𑐮। 𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐩𑐶 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐢𑑂𑐫 𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜 𑐟𑐎 𑐠𑐠𑐾 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐱𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐰 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬-𑐰𑐶𑐩𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐾𑑄𑐢𑐾𑑄𑐧𑐮𑑂𑐮𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐮𑐣 𑐡𑐫𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐣। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐔𑐷𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐿𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐥𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐳 𑐖𑐸𑐮।
𑐥𑐱𑑂𑐔𑐶𑐩𑐷 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐳𑐶𑐩𑐵 𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐖𑐸𑑄 𑐱𑐶𑐖𑐶 𑐳𑐦𑐹𑐮𑐶 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐧𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐩𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐄𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐺𑐟 𑐡𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐳𑐶𑐩𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑄 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰-𑐔𑐶𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱 𑐢𑐸𑑄𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐏𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐾𑐥𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐏𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑑀𑐴𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵, 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐫𑐶𑐣-𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐏। 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐵𑐣 𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 "𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐦𑐹"𑐮𑐶 𑐔𑐶𑐣 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑐰𑑄𑐱 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑑑𑑐𑐐𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵𑐫𑐫𑑂 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐𑐷𑐎𑐺𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐸: 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑑀𑐴𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐩𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵, 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐫𑐶𑐣 𑐰 𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐, 𑐎𑐹𑐚𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶 𑐰𑐵 𑐖𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐴𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵(Zōng héng Jiā), 𑐧𑐸𑑃𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰𑐵 𑐣𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (Nongjia), 𑐖𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (zájiā) 𑐰𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡, 𑐱𑐶𑐁𑐌𑐱𑐸𑐌 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (Xiǎoshuō jiā) 𑐰𑐵 𑐄𑐥𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡।
𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐵𑐮𑐏𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐸𑑄 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅/𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐏𑑃 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵, 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐎 𑐰 𑐳𑐦𑐹𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐡𑐸-
| 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅 | 𑐩𑐹 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑐬𑐎 | 𑐳𑐦𑐹/𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠 |
|---|---|---|
| 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡 | 𑐮𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷, 𑐖𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷, 𑐮𑐷 𑐫𑐸𑐎𑑀𑐄 | "𑐟𑐵𑐌-𑐟𑐾-𑐔𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 ", " 𑐖𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷", "𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐡𑐶 𑐳𑐶𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Huángdì sìjīng) 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹", " 𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐣𑐖𑐷 ", "𑐮𑐶𑐊𑐖𑐶" (𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 列子) |
| 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 | 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳, 𑐩𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷, 𑐱𑐸𑐣𑐖𑐷, 𑐖𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷, 𑐖𑐶𑐳𑐷, 𑐖𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 | " 𑐡 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐮𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑂𑐳 ", " 𑐩𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷" (Mèngzǐ), " 𑐱𑐸𑐣𑐖𑐷", "𑐱𑐶𑐁𑐌𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐰𑐵 𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐮𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐎 𑐀𑐦 𑐦𑐶𑐮𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐥𑐵𑐫𑐟𑐶", "𑐗𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐫𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐" , "𑐡𑐵𑐱𑐸𑐊", "𑐮𑐶𑐖𑐶", "𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐆𑐟𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳", " 𑐖𑐸𑐌 𑐖𑐸𑐁𑐣" 𑐰𑐵 𑐖𑐸𑐌𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵, 𑐁𑐡𑐶। |
| 𑐩𑑀𑐴𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐡 | 𑐩𑑀𑐄 𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐶 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑀𑐄 𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐸, 𑐎𑐶𑐣 𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐮𑐷 𑐰𑐵 𑐱𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐷, 𑐩𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐱𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐, 𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶 | " 𑐩𑑀𑐖𑐷 (𑐳𑐦𑐹)", " 𑐩𑑀𑐖𑐷 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐖𑐸𑐊", " 𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐖𑐶 ", " 𑐳𑐸𑐂 𑐔𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷 ", "𑐴𑐸 𑐦𑐾𑐖𑐷 " |
| 𑐩𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑐬𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐬𑐵) | 𑐡𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐱𑐷, 𑐴𑐸𑐃 𑐱𑐶, 𑐐𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐳𑐣 𑐮𑐒𑑂𑐐, 𑐫𑐶𑐣 𑐰𑐾𑐣, 𑐳𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐮𑐶𑐣 | "𑐡𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐱𑐶𑐖𑐶", " 𑐐𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐳𑐣 𑐮𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐷 ", " 𑐫𑐶𑐣 𑐰𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐷", " 𑐴𑐸𑐂𑐖𑐷", " 𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐐𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐", " 𑐩𑐵𑐌 𑐐𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐 ", " 𑐔𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐐𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐱𑐾𑐒𑑂𑐐" |
| 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰𑐵 𑐦𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (fǎjiā) | 𑐐𑐸𑐁𑐣 𑐗𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐, 𑐖𑐷 𑐔𑐵𑐣, 𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐦𑐾𑐃 , 𑐱𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐, 𑐱𑐾𑐣 𑐡𑐵𑐌, 𑐮𑐷 𑐳𑐷, 𑐱𑐾𑐣 𑐧𑐸𑐴𑐵𑐃, 𑐮𑐷 𑐎𑐸𑐃 | " 𑐱𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐖𑐸𑐣 𑐱𑐸 (Shāng jūn shū) 𑐰𑐵 𑐱𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐖𑐸𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹", " 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐦𑐾𑐂𑐖𑐷 (Hánfēizi) 𑐰𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐬𑐸 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐦𑐾𑐂𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹", "𑐦𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Fǎ Jīng) 𑐰𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠", " 𑐐𑐸𑐁𑐣𑐖𑐷", " 𑐱𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐷 ", " 𑐮𑐶𑐖𑐷" |
| 𑐫𑐶𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰𑐵 𑐫𑐶𑐣𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐰𑐵𑐡 (Yīnyángjiā) | 𑐖𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐣 | " 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐱𑐸" 𑐰𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐣𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐦𑐹, 𑐫𑐶𑐰𑐾𑐣𑐗𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐣𑐷𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐫𑐶𑐣 𑐰 𑐫𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐰𑐵𑐬𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑑓𑑖𑑙 𑐀𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐫 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐦𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐬 𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐮𑐹𑐐𑐸। |
| 𑐎𑐹𑐚𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶 | 𑐐𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸𑐖𑐷, 𑐗𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐫𑐷, 𑐳𑐸 𑐎𑐶𑐣 | "𑐐𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸𑐖𑐷" 𑐰 "𑐗𑐵𑐣 𑐐𑐸𑐌 𑐳𑐾 (Zhan Guo Ce) 𑐰𑐵 𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹𑐩𑐶 𑐬𑐵𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐞𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶" |
| 𑐫𑐶 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (医家) 𑐰𑐵 𑐔𑐶𑐎𑐶𑐟𑑂𑐳𑐵 | 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐾, 𑐎𑐶𑐧𑑀, 𑐔𑐸𑐣 𑐫𑐸 𑐫𑐷 ( 淳於意) | "𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐡𑐷 𑐣𑐾𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐚𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐴𑑂𑐫 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠", "𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐡𑐷 𑐧𑐵𑐱𑐶𑐫𑐶 𑐣𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Huangdi Bashiyi Nanjing) 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐳𑐸𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐖𑐸𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐲𑐫𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠", "𑐱𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐣𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐧𑐾𑐣𑐎𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 (Shennong Bencaojing) 𑐰𑐵 𑐳𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐣𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐜𑐶𑐧𑐸𑐚𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠", "𑐱𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐴𑐵𑐣 𑐮𑐸𑐣 (Shanghan Lun) 𑐰𑐵 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑑄𑐄𑐐𑐹 𑐮𑑂𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐠" |
| 𑐳𑐿𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐬𑐞𑐣𑐷𑐟𑐶 | 𑐳𑐣 𑐰𑐸, 𑐳𑐣 𑐧𑐶𑐣, 𑐰𑐸 𑐎𑐶, 𑐰𑐾𑐂 𑐮𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐌 | " 𑐳𑐣 𑐟𑑂𑐖𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹", " 𑐳𑐣 𑐧𑐶𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹 ", " 𑐰𑐸 𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐸𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐎𑐮𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐦𑐹 ", " 𑐰𑐾𑐃 𑐮𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐌𑐖𑐷" |
| 𑐖𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 (zájiā) 𑐰𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑐣𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐰𑐵𑐡 | 𑐮𑐸 𑐧𑐸𑐰𑐾𑐂, 𑐮𑐶𑐫𑐸 𑐁𑐣, 𑐱𑐷 𑐖𑐶𑐁𑐌 | "𑐮𑐸𑐱𑐶 𑐔𑐸𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸 (Lüshi Chunqiu) 𑐰𑐵 𑐮𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟 𑐰 𑐱𑐬𑐡 𑐆𑐟𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 ", " 𑐴𑐸𑐁𑐂𑐣𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐷", " 𑐱𑐶𑐖𑐷 (Shizi)" |
| 𑐧𑐸𑑃𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐵𑐡 𑐰𑐵 𑐣𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 | 𑐱𑐸 𑐱𑐶𑐒𑑂𑐐 , 𑐖𑐷 𑐬𑐿𑐣 | " 𑐱𑐾𑐣 𑐣𑑀𑐒𑑂𑐐", " 𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐣 𑐮𑐵𑐌 " |
| 𑐱𑐶𑐁𑐌𑐱𑐸𑐌 𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐵 𑐄𑐥𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡 | 𑐫𑐸 𑐔𑐸, 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸 𑐫𑐸𑐁𑐣, 𑐖𑐶 𑐫𑐸 | " 𑐫𑐸 𑐔𑐸 𑐖𑐷 ", " 𑐮𑐷 𑐳𑐵𑐌 ", "𑐔𑐸 𑐖𑐶", "𑐐𑐵𑐌𑐟𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐" |
| 𑐦𑐵𑐒𑑂𑐐 𑐖𑐶𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐵 | 𑐎𑐶 𑐧𑑀 , 𑐔𑐸𑐣 𑐫𑐸 𑐫𑐷 |
𑐩𑐹 𑐀𑐰𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐞𑐵𑐟
[सम्पादन]𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐸𑑄 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐨𑐹𑐟 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐟:
- 𑐫𑐶𑐣 𑐰 𑐫𑐵𑐒 (Yin and Yang): 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐴𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐱𑐎𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐟 (𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐖𑑅-𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐸𑑃, 𑐩𑐶𑐳𑐵-𑐩𑐶𑐖𑑄, 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐄𑑃-𑐟𑐵𑐥) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐸𑐮𑐣।
- 𑐔𑐷 (Qi): 𑐧𑑂𑐬𑐴𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐵𑐴𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 '𑐖𑐷𑐰𑐣 𑐄𑐬𑑂𑐖𑐵'।
- 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐬𑑂𑐐𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐡𑐾𑐱 (Mandate of Heaven): 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐚𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐱𑐵𑐳𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐡𑐿𑐰𑐷 𑐀𑐢𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐡𑐸 𑐢𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐶𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳, 𑐐𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐚𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐡𑑂𑐐𑐸𑐞𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐟 𑐖𑐸𑐂।
𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰
[सम्पादन]𑐔𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐵𑑃 𑐡𑐬𑑂𑐱𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐊𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑐳𑐾𑑄 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐴𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐟𑐎 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐵𑐔𑑂𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸:
- 𑐥𑐹𑐬𑑂𑐰𑐷 𑐊𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐷 𑐳𑑄𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶: 𑐖𑐵𑐥𑐵𑐣, 𑐎𑑀𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵, 𑐰 𑐨𑐶𑐫𑐟𑐣𑐵𑐩𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐖𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑄𑐬𑐔𑐣𑐵 𑐰 𑐱𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐞𑐵𑐮𑐷𑐂 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐨𑐵𑐰 𑐡𑐸।
- 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐠𑑂𑐫: 𑐟𑐵𑐌𑐰𑐵𑐡𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐟 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐠𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣 (𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐊𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐥𑐣𑑂𑐔𑐬 𑐰 𑐟𑐵𑐂-𑐔𑐷) 𑐰 𑐰𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐸𑐎𑐮𑐵 (Feng Shui) 𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅।
- 𑐁𑐢𑐸𑐣𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐥𑐣: 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐳𑐶𑐫𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐿𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐟𑐵 𑐰 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐱𑐵𑐳𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐶𑐔𑐵𑑅𑐟 𑐁𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐳𑐵𑐫𑐶𑐎 𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐰𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐵𑐥𑐣 (Management) 𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵𑐂।
𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑄𑐳𑐵
[सम्पादन]- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "auto". - ↑ (2011) Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond. BRILL.
- ↑ Slote, Michael (2009). Essays on the History of Ethics. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Yong Chen (8 November 2012). Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. BRILL.
- ↑ (1 January 2005) Historicizing "Tradition" in the Study of Religion. Walter de Gruyter.
- ↑ Craig 1998, p. 550.
- Feng Youlan (1948). A Short History of Chinese Philosophy.
- Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy.
- ↑ There is no consensus on whether Confucianism is a religion or not. Yong Chen opens his book on this very topic thus: "The question of whether Confucianism is a religion is probably one of the most controversial issues in both Confucian scholarship and the discipline of religious studies."[४] In another work on this topic the authors observe that "There have been, and are still, those scholars who have understood Confucianism as a religion; others have argued that Confucianism is not a religion but something else, often, a philosophy."[५]
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